Research Reaction Paper - 2561 Words

Research Reaction Psychosocial Development Based on Age of First Birth PS315 Theories of Personality Summary Topic area: Teenage pregnancy is one of the most common problems that are growing worldwide. This condition is most predominant in developed countries like the U.S. There are a number of factors responsible for teenage pregnancy. For example, higher rates of poverty, lower education levels, etc. This research reaction paper examines the psychological status; social relationships; and home, work, and parenting stress and satisfaction in their young adulthood for a sample of rural women who were teen mothers compared to their cohort who had their first child in their twenties. Service providers need to understand†¦show more content†¦The second group were young adult mothers who had their first child between the ages of 19 and 22, while the third group delayed childbearing until the age of 23 or later. My critique of this study is quite simple. I do believe the study has positive as well as several limitations. On the positive side, this research involved repeated observations of the same variables over a twelve-year period of time. The study made observing changes more accurate by tracking three different age groups; which can be applied in other fields. The study was mostly observational, in the sense that they observe without manipulating it. The internal and external validity of this study is in question. In order for a sample to yield valid and reliable information an appropriate sample size must be selected. The sample in the group of people was only comprised of 98 girls; which may not represent the population well. Also the study sample was limited to Caucasian females from one specific residential community/school district in only one state. The study didn’t mention sampling any minority groups. Studying females as well as subjects from other residential facilities could have provided more credibility to the results. Also, it was not mentioned if the research participants knew about the risks involved in research and if they were being studied. Was an informed consent obtained? Did a debriefing occur? TheShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Research- Reaction Paper1543 Words   |  7 PagesHEAD: Stem Cell Research- Reaction Paper Reaction Paper: Stem Cell Research Heather A. Lail Liberty University Stem cell research has bought about heated debate since the time it was reviled. Many different debates have been raised to justify and unjustified the use of stem cells for research throughout the years. The two most enduring debates that have stood the test of time have been the legal and ethical issues. 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The Birth Right Program Essay example - 1457 Words

As a Jewish student there is a program available to go to Israel for a summer, if you have never been before and experience it first hand. It is called the â€Å"Birth Right Program.† The trip is free, the only thing you have to pay for is the round trip plane ticket and any souvenirs you may buy. While you are there with the other students just like yourself, you experience different places like the Wailing Wall and the city of Jerusalem, as well as different Israeli holidays including Shabbat every Friday night. I have contemplated going on the Birth Right trip for a few years now. To have the chance to experience first hand a culture that I really only know through stories and history books†¦show more content†¦Their small ceremonies and everyday practices serve to reiterate and substantiate their beliefs and customs (Gibson). Israel has a very high standard of living. Many people in rural areas of Israel live in collective communities. Members of these comm unities share food and property. They also exchange labor for medical care (Davis). In the United States, â€Å"Individualism is the economic realm manifests itself in the belief that individuals, not communities in which they live, determine their own economical outcomes† (Davis). An individualist solution to poverty is not more government spending on welfare programs and charities, but greater individual effort by those on the bottom to improve their incomes. Individuals themselves deserve the credit and/or blame for their economic fortune or misfortune, while collectivists do not agree with this theory at all. As the United States is very individualistic, it is also distinctively masculine, while Israel, once again found in the center of the scale is more feminine. The two characteristics go hang in hand. High masculinity believes in achievement and judging individuals on their performance, just as individualist cultures do. Feminine cultures believe more in life choices and equality between the sexes is normal. It is made clear that both feminine and masculine qualitiesShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States has the highest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the m ost common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihoodRead MoreBirth Control : A Controversial Topic Since The 1960 S1718 Words   |  7 PagesBirth control has been a controversial topic since the 1960’s, when the pill arose on the scene and gained popularity. Men and women of certain religious faiths have sought to prevent other women from using birth control. However, most women want to be able to choose when the time is right for them to have a child. This is why birth control is essential, because it allows women and couples in general the freedom to choose and plan their families. In many cases the need to control women by controllingRead MoreWhy Abstinence Programs Don t Work1368 Words   |  6 Pages31 March 2015 Why I Believe That Abstinence Programs Don t Work How can people be abstinent if they experience or see sexual content very day? Abstinence programs don t work because we see sexual content on tv every day. Sex Ed classes don’t teach things in the right way. Also people miss use birth control, abortion because Sex Ed makes it seem what its not. I believe that abstinence programs don t work. 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Susan Beth Pfeffer s Novel, Life As We Knew It And Family...

Authors Bio Susan Beth Pfeffer decided that she wanted to be a writer when her father dedicated the law book he was writing to his daughter. Right then and there she wrote her first little story about the love between a pair of scissors and an Oreo cookie. Her childhood experiences form the basis of her writing, seeing that she grew up in the suburbs in New York. This explains why most of her books focus on young people growing up in the suburbs. Pfeffer went on to New York University. After getting her degree in radio, television, and motion pictures she started a writing course and her first novel Just Morgan was published. Throughout her life she has published more than 75 books and some of them include: A Year without Michael, Devils Den, Life as We Knew it and Family of Strangers. The themes of her books usually include emotional problems, divorce, historical fiction, and people having fantasies of modeling/acting. Her science fiction stories contain apocalyptic futuristic even ts like her novel Life as We Knew it. Susan Beth Pfeffer was born to Leo and Freda Pfeffer on February 17th, 1948, in New York, NY and now lives in Middletown New York. She usually writes about a chapter a day, which has allowed her to complete numerous books. It gives her so much time to spend with young readers and eventual writers. Pfeffer says, â€Å"What I love best about being a writer is that people actually pay me for making up stories† (Susan Beth Pfeffer.). Novel Synapsis â€Å"I wonder ifShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.†™s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

Global Process Analytical Instrument Market 2014-2018...

Analysts forecast the Global Process Analytical Instrumentation market to grow at a CAGR of 3.47 percent over the period 2013-2018. One of the key factors contributing to this market growth is the need to comply with stringent governmental regulations. The Global Process Analytical Instrumentation market has also been witnessing the emergence of technically advanced instruments. However, the need to offer customized instruments could pose a challenge to the growth of this market. Global Process Analytical Instrumentation Market 2014-2018, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers North America, Europe, the APAC region, and the ROW; it also covers the Global Process†¦show more content†¦Market Segmentation by Product 07.1 Global Process Chromatographs Market 07.1.1 Market Size and Forecast 07.2 Global Process Spectrophotometers Market 07.2.1 Market Size and Forecast 07.3 Global Process Liquid Analysers Market 07.3.1 Market Size and Forecast 07.4 Global Process Gas Analysers Market 07.4.1 Market Size and Forecast Complete report of 60 Pages is available @ http://www.reportsnreports.com/reports/276119-global-process-analytical-instrument-market-2014-2018.html 08. Market Segmentation by End-users 08.1 Global Process Analytical Instrumentation Market in the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry 08.1.1 Market Size and Overview 08.2 Global Process Analytical Instrumentation Market in the Oil and Gas Industry 08.2.1 Market Size and Overview 08.3 Global Process Analytical Instrumentation Market in the Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Industry 08.3.1 Market Size and Overview 08.4 Global Process Analytical Instrumentation Market in the Water and Wastewater Industry 08.4.1 Market Size and Overview 09. Geographical Segmentation 09.1 Process Analytical Instrumentation market in North America 09.1.1 Market Size and Forecast 09.2 Process Analytical Instrumentation market in Europe 09.2.1 Market Size and Forecast 09.3 Process Analytical Instrumentation market in the APAC Region 09.3.1 Market Size and Forecast 10. Buying Criteria 11. Market Growth Drivers 12. Drivers and their Impact 13. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesFoundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management

Uncle Tom’s Cabin American History Free Essays

string(31) " they were tortured or beaten\." 1. Slavery in the nineteenth century was different than slavery during the colonial times because nineteenth century slaves were exactly that – slaves. In colonial times, black slaves were actually treated more like indentured servants. We will write a custom essay sample on Uncle Tom’s Cabin American History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Census records from 1651 indicate that Africans who completed their indentured servitude were set free as well as given their own land (McElrath, 2009). However, the practice of allowing indentured black slaves to be free increased the need for laborers and many landowners began requiring black people to become servants for life. This was unsuccessful and white landowners began to consider slavery as an option (McElrath, 2009). This differed from other countries and their practice of slavery because America began to implement complex and demanding slave codes that dictated exactly how slaves were to live and exactly what was required of them. For example, in 1661, Virginia devised a statute that required that newly born children would have the same status as their mother. As a result, the slave population continued to increase as female slaves gave birth to children (McElrath, 2009). Further, as time passed, America began to recognize slavery as a law, which also differed from other countries who relied on slavery. These laws required that all black people, even those that were already free, and their children would be considered slaves (McElrath, 2009). Therefore, Harry, the young son of Eliza was considered a slave because his mother was a slave (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Finally, the nineteenth century practice of indentured servitude no longer applied to black people. Slavery is similar to indentured servitude but when black people are slaves they have no hope for freedom as they did during the colonial times. When a black person became a slave, he became a slave for life whereas a black indentured servant could look forward to a future of freedom. 2. According to Marie St. Clare, slavery is an essential aspect of life. Marie is a selfish and self centered woman who only cares about herself. She is constantly dreaming up afflictions in order to gain attention. At the same time, she views slaves with disgust and impatience (Stowe, Chapter 15, 2004). This may also be considered an argument against slavery as well. If Marie is so dissatisfied with her slaves then what is the point of having them in the first place? Marie’s husband, Augustine St. Clare denounces slavery and admits that it is evil. Augustine treats his slaves with compassion but also accepts slavery and continues to have slaves in his household (Stowe, Chapter 14, 2004). Although Augustine makes use of slaves in his own home, he does feel that slavery is morally wrong. This is in direct contrast to his brother Alfred, who strongly believes that the white race is the dominant race. A good example of this conflict comes in chapter nineteen when Prue, a slave from down the street, visits the St. Clare home selling rolls and tells Uncle Tom the sad story about the selling of her children as well as the death of one of them. Very shortly after, word comes that Prue’s master had whipped her to death. Augustine quite obviously disagrees with this act but admits that while he does not agree he is not going to do anything to make such events stop. He states that he is simply going to stay out of the way (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004). Another example, tells of Augustine and his twin brother inheriting their father’s plantation and all the slaves. While Alfred embraced the notion of slavery and believed that dominating slaves was the rightful job a white man, Augustine had more compassion and â€Å"tamed† one specific slave and then gave him his freedom (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004). Ultimately, the St. Clare family differed in their views on slavery but the fact remained that all three of these people relied on slavery every day. Marie was indifferent and Alfred wholeheartedly accepted slavery. However, Augustine felt that the danger of slavery would continue to be the difference in moral lines that human beings would draw with regards to what freedom meant and who it was meant for (Stowe, Chapter 19, 2004). 3. The paternalistic view towards slaves that many defenders of slavery internalized allowed them a sort of denial because deep down many of knew that enslaving human beings was morally wrong (Harper, 2003). Many Northern slave owners adopted their slaves and treated them like members of the family (Harper, 2003). However, kindness and compassion for slaves is never enough security for the slaves themselves. Uncle Tom had the good fortune to be sold to Augustine St. Clare and was treated respectably in his household (Stowe, Chapter 14, 2004). No amount of kindness could save Uncle Tom from the harsh reality of slavery after Augustine’s death. He is sold to Simon Legree, who is a cruel slave owner and treats his slaves in the worst possible ways (Stowe, Chapter 30, 2004). The Shelby’s own many slaves and they treat them kindly. However, Mr. Shelby, no matter how kind he is, has to sell some slaves and resolve some debt. In the end his kindness did not protect Uncle Tom from being sold (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Similarly, the St. Clare family is mostly compassionate towards their slaves until Eva and Augustine die. Simon Legree becomes Uncle Tom’s next slave owner, and he is a harsh and cruel man, illustrating once again that the kindness of Augustine did not protect Uncle Tom from the cruelty of Simon Legree (Stowe, Chapter 30, 2004). Mr. Haley is largely indifferent to the slaves and sells and buys them when it will benefit him monetarily. His actions are not directly cruel but they do not ultimately protect the slaves either (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). Finally, George Harris tolerated slavery although his disbelief in Christianity prevented him from denouncing the moral problems associated with slavery. 4. The existence of a slave was a hard one. Many slaves ran away because they were tortured or beaten. You read "Uncle Tom’s Cabin American History" in category "Papers" Others ran away because the constant buying and selling of slaves tore apart families and many slaves escaped in an effort to reunite with their loved ones. Slaves were not allowed to get an education and were only provided the bare essentials for survival (Hayden, 2008). George Harris and his wife, Eliza are both slaves. George had the good fortune to work in a factory where he invented a machine that would clean hemp more efficiently. However, the owner of the factory believed he had invented the machine because he was lazy and removed him from the factory. As a result, George saw very little of his family. After some time passes, George decides to escape because he can no longer tolerate his existence as a slave. Further, George was being pressured by his master to take a new wife. George informs Eliza that he plans to escape to Canada and will try to secure her and Harry’s freedom once he gets there (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). George escaped slavery for the same reason that many other slaves escaped – he was tired of being treated so badly. Eliza also escapes when she learns that her young son, Harry had been sold. She had already suffered the loss of two children and did not want to lose her only remaining child. Eliza visited Uncle Tom’s cabin and he encouraged her to escape before being sold. Eliza tells them of her intention to follow after George and slips away before she can change her mind (Stowe, Chapter 1, 2004). While Eliza did not suffer direct abuse at the hands of the Shelby’s she did feel a compelling need to escape in order to protect her only remaining child. She obviously did not want to be separated from him, but she also did not want a wicked slave owner to get his hands on her son either. She felt her only option was to run. Ultimately, this husband and wife are both able to escape, but for very different reasons. George is tired of being treated badly and Eliza fears for the safety of her son. These two illustrations show the human nature of slaves and show their strong desires to be treated equally, remain close to their loved ones and protect their children. 5. The primary reason why slaves did not attempt to escape even when they outnumbered the white people is because they were afraid of being caught and returned to their rightful owners subject to even harsher treatment than before as punishment for trying to get away. This was the main obstacle slaves faced. If they were successful at escaping they really did not have any place to go because they lived in fear of being returned to their masters if caught. The main difference with the Federal 1850 Fugitive Slave Act was that it was ultimately created to keep the nation united. It was so controversial because it fueled the flames of the anti slavery versus slavery debated that continue to rage across the country. This Federal act allowed for a compromise. Texas gave up land in return for ten million dollars while the new states would not mention slavery and the issue would be left up to the individual states. Further, the act required that citizens participate in returning escaped slaves. Therefore, people helping slaves to freedom could face trial if they were caught aiding and abetting escaped slaves (PBS. org, 2009). Other things impeded slave action as well. For example, the slaves who belonged to Augustine St. Clare opposed action because they may have felt that life would not get any better than it already was. The slaves were treated with compassion and generally treated well when compared to other slave owners. At the same time, slaves belonging to Simon Legree may have been afraid to revolt because they feared for their lives if they were caught and returned to such a wicked slave owner. However, the interests of all slaves remained the notion of freedom but this freedom was not acted upon for fear of not finding anything better or fear of being caught and returned to an even worse life of slavery. Finally, many slaves may have felt that they were receiving everything they needed and allowed themselves to be dominated by the white people simply because they were afraid that nothing better would come along. They allowed the racial divides to continue because they were certain that black people would never be equal to white people and therefore, escape was futile (Stowe, 2004). 6. Slave rebellions were an extreme form of resistance by slaves against their white masters. Since the Haitian uprising in 1792, white landowners lived in fear of their African American slaves (Hooker, 1996). This slave rebellion proved that African Americans did not accept their status as slaves and there came a breaking point when they just needed to assert their independence and fight for their freedom. The Haitian slaves began an uprising that would leave thousands of people dead. Denmark Vesey was able to purchase his freedom but he was still very angry about the slave situation. Quoting scripture, Vesey motivated slaves to revolt and the result was countless white deaths. The slaves would post themselves at the doors of white landowners and start fires. When the whites came to the door they would be killed and then everyone else in the home would be killed also. Similar to the Haitian revolt, this revolt struck fear in the hearts of white slave owners. Nat Turner succeeded far more with his revolt. He and a slave named Will began the revolt by killing Will’s masters and then methodically killing all white slave owners they could and taking their slaves as part of their cause. Turner went into hiding and during this time the white slave owners were extremely afraid of his return (Hooker, 1996). The Underground Railroad was another form of slave resistance although it was a much more peaceful one. The Underground Railroad was made up of mostly black people, most famously Harriet Tubman, and some white people who helped fugitive slaves escape to freedom. This organization enabled many black slaves to find their freedom (PBS. org, 2009). However, many black slaves quietly resisted their white masters without escaping or revolting. For example, after Uncle Tom is bought by Simon Legree he befriends another slave by the name of Cassy. One afternoon he and Casey help each other in the fields and when Legree finds out he orders Uncle Tom to whip her. Uncle Tom refuses, which is a form of resistance, and he is beaten almost to death. However, he shows further resistance by accepting the beating in order to prevent the injury of a fellow slave (Stowe, Chapter 33, 2004). 7. Abolitionists such as Harriet Stowe called for an immediate end to slavery. In contrast the Anti-Slavery Movement of the 1800s was more of a gradual resistance to the continued use of slavery in the United States. Abolitionists wanted the entire slave trade to come to an end while the Anti-Slavery Movement was more concerned with stopping the spread of slavery into the colonies of the United States. Many abolitionists were Christian people who felt that slavery was against moral rules. However, abolitionism ended up being a gradual process as it took a great deal of time, energy and people to effectively gather the strength necessary to truly make changes that moved towards the freedom of black people. The Anti-Slavery Movement was able to make immediate changes with such passages of law as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (Vernon-Jones, 2009). The Missouri Compromise determined which states would allow slavery and which states would not allow slavery. The compromise allowed the balance of power in Congress to be equal among slave and anti slave states (Vernon-Jones, 2009). Therefore, the Anti-Slavery Movement was able to immediately make some states free states and some states slave states. So while the Anti-Slavery Movement did not abolish slavery all at once as the abolitionists were trying to do, it did have more success making immediate and lasting changes than the abolitionists were able to do. Further, the primary way that abolitionists were able to gain support was through persuasion. Human persuasion is an extremely difficult task that takes a great deal of time. The Anti-Slavery Movement was more dependent upon actual laws and policy changes which made it more successful in the short term. However, neither movement was without violence as was evident in the Anti-Slavery activities at Harpers Ferry led by a famous anti slavery advocate, John Brown (Vernon-Jones, 2009). 8. All Northern whites were not committed to ending slavery. Many of them felt, as Augustine St. Clare felt, that slavery was wrong but they were not going to do anything about ending it because it certainly benefited their way of life. The senators included in the story held this opinion. For example, Senator Bird votes in favor of the Compromise of 1850 under the guise that slavery does not have anything to do with personal feelings but is more a matter of what the entire country wants instead. In other words, he defended his actions by agreeing that slavery was wrong but also realizing the importance that slavery had come to have in America. An example of this attitude is when Eliza and Harry come to his home looking for help and he helps them escape (Stowe, Chapter 37, 2004). Ophelia holds similar opinions. She does not agree with the idea of slavery while also believing that black slaves were inferior to white people. For example, she does not want Topsy, a slave friend of Eva’s, to touch her (Stowe, Chapter 25, 2004). However, after Eva’s death, Ophelia begins to realize that if a child could have such love towards the slaves, then she could to. She petitions to have Topsy given to her so she can reform her and then take her North and set her free. She finally begins to realize why she believes slavery is immoral through her relationship with a human slave (Stowe, Chapter 28. 004). While many people from the Northern states held similar opinions that slavery was bad many also disassociated themselves with the whole issue. Free black people and former slaves were not treated as cruelly as they were as slaves but they still did not gain equal status either. They were treated as human beings, but as inferior human beings. 9. The Christian churches and Northern economic inte rests helped contribute to the continuation of slavery because they also saw the economic value of slavery. The plantation owners in the North realized the benefit of slavery just as the Southern plantation owners did, even if they did not agree with the idea of slavery. This passive attitude allowed slavery to exist in America far longer than it should have. In this way, the North was every bit as responsible for the continuation of slavery as the South was. Many Northerners were unwilling to take a stand to help abolish slavery because it would hurt them economically, socially and in matters of convenience. This attitude helped contribute to what Stowe felt as the worst part of slavery – the separation of families. The book discusses the separation of parents and children often over the course of the story. Stowe repeatedly discusses the fear that parents will become separated from their children (Stowe, 2004). Further, Stowe felt that slavery as a whole corrupted everyone’s ideas because it allowed white people to view black people as inferior to themselves. Even non slave owners did not entirely embrace the idea that white people and black people were equal. The fundamental principle of slavery is an important component of American history and it was hard to let go of even when slaves earned their freedom. Stowe staunchly advocated for the abolishment of slavery but also for the equal treatment of black people. She believed that black people had equal rights to justice and freedom as those enjoyed by white people. She firmly believed in a society where colonization would be a reality even though equality was a long way off. However, when the white people agreed to colonize with the black people they would be taking one step towards helping justify the hurts caused by slavery (Stowe, Chapter 45, 2004). References Harper, Douglas. (2003). Slavery in the North. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://www.slavenorth.com/index.html. Hayden, Scott. (2008). The underground railroad. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://americanhistory.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_underground_railway. Hooker, Richard. (1996). Slave rebellions. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/DIASPORA/REBEL.HTM. McElrath, Jessica. (2009). Slavery in Colonial Times. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/slavery/a/colonialslavery_2.htm. PBS.org. (2009). The compromise of 1850 and fugitive slave act. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html. PBS.org. (2009). The underground railroad. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2944.html. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. (2004). Uncle Tom’s Cabin. New York: Barnes and Noble. Vernon-Jones, Russ. (2009). John Brown. Retrieved on April 4, 2009 from http://www.arps.org/aro/john_brown.htm. How to cite Uncle Tom’s Cabin American History, Papers

Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology

Question: Discuss about the Goal Concepts in Personality and Social Psychology. Answer: Introduction: Goals are set with the motivation to achieve something. Settings of goals are done in order to make the target of achievement clearer. However, ambiguous goals might result in loss to target that is to be achieved. On the basis of the information gathered, it has been observed that the company Prime Accounting has been facing the issue of ambiguous goals. In context to this, the goal setting theory could be implemented. Goal Setting Theory The goal setting theory is one of the most powerful ways of motivating employees and set goals for the employees to follow. This theory is one of the widely used motivational theories used in the business world to motivate the employees. The goal setting theory had five principles. These are as follows: Clarity: This refers to the setting of clear goals for the employees to follow. Clear goals are unambiguous and measurable. They are realistic and achievable. As the goals are set specifically and with clarity, chances of misunderstanding are mitigated (Locke Latham, 2013). The employees clearly know what they are working for and what they are working for. If the goals set are ambiguous, then misunderstandings and lack of clarity would delay the time frame by which the goal was supposed to be achieved. Challenges: One of the most essential elements of goal setting is the level of challenges that would be faced in order to achieve the goals. Defining the challenges clearly is essential while setting the goals (Pervin, 2015). Setting of SMART goals includes defining the challenges that could be faced for achieving the goals. Commitment: The goals that are set needs to be agreed upon and the employees and they need to be committed to work diligently towards the achievement of the set goals (Langton et al., 2013). Feedback: After selection and setting of the appropriate goals, it is important for the collection of feedback. The feedback from the employees as well as the higher authorities provides opportunities to clarify the expectations as well as determine the right path through which the goals could be achieved (Locke Latham, 2015). Task complexity: The last phase of the goal setting theory is the introduction of the task complexity. This is important, since the tasks with higher complexity have to be handed even more carefully. This is important to be determined in order to fulfil the goals that are set. Recommendations It is recommended for the Prime Accounting Company that Goal setting theory is used as a guideline to set the goals such that the employees might be able to achieve the goals successfully. Moreover, clarity of the goals while it is set is maintained such that the employees are not confused regarding the goals they need to achieve. The feedback from the employees needs to be collected and required adjustments have to be made. The task complexity has to be clearly defined. These recommendations implemented successfully would remove the issues of ambiguous goals. Thus, the issues could be successfully mitigated or curbed down. References Langton, N., Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A. (2013).Fundamentals of organizational behaviour. Pearson Education Canada. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2013).New developments in goal setting and task performance. Routledge. Locke, E., Latham, G. (2015). Breaking the rules: a historical overview of goal-setting theory.Advances in Motivation Science,2(15), 99-126. Pervin, L. A. (2015).Goal concepts in personality and social psychology. Psychology Press.

Business Law Consumer Laws and its Protection

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Lawfor Consumer Laws and its Protection. Answer: Introduction It was during the 20th century, that the need for the protection of consumers had turn out to be progressively more essential as a numerous number of goods and services which were accessible had developed radically. Also, as per the need of the rules of the common law principles which had been there to control the area of agreements and tort laws for about more than a decade. Such laws also have proposed certain laws for the security of the customers. The lawful State and federal regulations in this area has also been approved as a result all the consumers were well confined next to inequitable trade practices and defective products services. Customers also safeguard them by being conscious of their own privileges and they look for a suggestion before making a large dealing. The lawful system grants various organizations which could assist a number of consumers if an issue takes place. Such system also controls the actions of those individuals who supply a variety of products and services in an attempt to avert different kinds of disputes. In regulatory jurisdictions, Consumer protection could be defined as a group of laws and organizations which was designed to guarantee the privileges to the consumers. It also helps in proving fair dealing, and proper data while transacting in a market place (Australian Consumer Law, 2017). So, certain laws have been considered in order to prevent the trades which employ in deception or specific unfair practices from gaining a benefit over different participants. They could also grant extra security for those individuals who were most susceptible in society. There has been not even a single common law meaning of a consumer. Normally, a consumer could be defined as an individual who brings a good or service for confidential utilization. There have been a number of different laws in relation to consumers but they vary in the manner in which they define a consumer. Certain laws such as small trades which obtain goods for their trade, while other laws debar these. The TPA defined a consumer as one of the most commonly utilized word like: he has been an individual who attains goods of such a kind which usually were utilized for private, household purpose ' (Australian Competition Consumer Commission, 2017). Consumer Protection laws as a result was regarded as a form of government rule which has an objective to safeguard the privileges of consumers. And security of the consumers was connected to the belief of privileges of the consumers, and to the establishment of consumer corporations. Formation of such organizations would assist consumers make better preferences in the marketplace and get assistance with the complaints of different consumers (Australian Consumer Law, 2017). Such laws were designed and established to be an area of law which regulates the associations of private laws among the individual consumers and the trades which sells those products and services (Australian Competition Consumer Commission, 2017). Enactment of such laws was basically a way of preventing a fraud and scam from service and sales agreements, and many more which may lead to bankruptcy. In Australia, the consequent organization which was made to protect individuals was the individual State Consumer Affairs agencies or the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) have a liability for protection of consumers rules of monetary services and goods. Though, in observance it does so in the course of a confidentially running EDR scheme like the Financial Ombudsman Service (Australia). As a result of widespread discussions of the government and examination on the part of obtainable lawmaking structure, the Australian Consumer law (ACL) came into being. This appraisal was carried out with an observation among the Australian jurisdictions to develop regularity and steadiness. It was also examined to guarantee that all the consumers were sufficiently secured while entering into a contract of a trade for the supply of a better products or services (Australian Government Solicitor, 2011). Specifically, the primary aims of the ACL were to: Initiate innovative civil financial punishments for violation of some consumer protection sections; Forbid all the unreasonable terms of an agreement in ordinary form of consumer agreements; Initiate for the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) certain fresh enforcement authorities (Australian Government, 2016). So, this essay has been proposed to grant a concise summary of the key modifications and new ideas of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) by substituting the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) ('the TPA'). It includes the history of such substitution with the detail explanation of customer protection and their need in society. It also briefs out the current consumer protection laws in the state with the remedies of the dissatisfied goods and services (Casey, 2011). This law relating to the protection of the rights of consumers was initially recognized by a contract of the Council of Government of Australia. The sections of the ACL generally imitate such sections which were formerly manage to paid off by the TPA, even though certain supplementary safeguards were being added. As a result it could be stated that the ACL also usually imitates a variety of the sections in relation to the consumer safety of the consumers of the fair trading regulation which prevails in all of the states and territories of the nation. The Trade Practices Amendment, 2010 (Cth) was then passed by the stated as a consequence of which it was regarded as the first of two Acts which assisted in implementing the new Australian Consumer Law. On 17 March 2010, this Act then got a formal approval for the implementation by the Commonwealth Parliament. The Trade Practices Amendment 2010 (Cth) Bill No. 2 was followed after this act on 24 June 2010. Similarly, on 1 January 2011 when the above mentioned amendments came into being then the Act of Trade Practices finally modified and substituted its forename to the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth). As a result, the new Australian Consumer Law came into being for providing better protection to the consumers against any deceptive act (Hobart Community Legal Serviced Inc, 2017). By the enactment of the two amended laws along with the passageway of State and Territory laws which were applicable to the ACL. The novel Trade Practices Regulations transformed the formerly conflicting Commonwealth, State and Territory consumer laws which were prevailing in Australia from a long time (Australian Competition Consumer Commission, 2014). The ACL sets out some privileges of consumers, standards for goods services and grants punishments for any contravention. Safeguards which were granted to the consumers under the law include: Guarantee that goods sold out would communicate with the explanation of those products and be fit for their revealed aim; Entailing that products sold were of satisfactory quality, protected and free of flaws; and Guarantees that services provided were with due care and skill. The statutory liability for goods was mainly beard by producers, though suppliers along the supply chain could also be accountable in some situations. So, the meaning of "manufacturer" under ACL was rather wide, including those who apply their brand name to the products. There has been a well known precedent case in the growth of the common law, which renowned the principle that manufacturers of products have an obligation towards their consumers to offer them goods of a good quality. The above mentioned principle was established in the case of Donoghue v Stephenson which emphasized and had a huge impact by making a very substantial change in the law of negligence. It has in reality might be said to be the foundation of the modem act of negligence. One of the most important sections in the ACL was section18 which includes prevention against an individual, in trade, engaging in behavior that was deceptive or illusory or was likely to deceive or misinform. This could be violated without any evidence of aim to deceive. So, in Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 54, the significance of s 18 was confirmed in securing the interests of consumer by holding that so-called headline ad may be deceptive despite the subsistence of a fine print proviso succeeding the depiction in the title declaration (Robertson Berry, 2014). The consumer law regime which prevails currently in Australian has been observed to be governed both at the federal and state levels. At the federal level, consumer law was administrated by the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (CCA). Consumer protection sections were incorporated in schedule 2 of the CCA, which was also defined as ACL. This regime was synchronized by the ACCC (Consumer Action Law Centre, 2015). The state and territory regime on the other hand, has been modified from the ACL and was usually defined as the Fair Trading regulations of each state and country. The state rules were synchronized by the pertinent agencies for the safety of customers in each state and territory (Fletcher Law, 2013). An individual could be assisted in understanding his or her privileges and responsibilities under the ACL, including with respect to: Misleading or deceptive conduct: the ACL includes a stringent prevention against any form of confusing or illusory behavior, whether by a constructive act or abstaining from doing a work, which was measured to arise in the course of business. For the prevention to be pertinent an individual must have been appealing in a business at the time the behavior was protested of (Australian Competition Consumer Commission, 2017). Unconscionable conduct: Trades have been forbidden from engaging in unconscionable act which was conducted against consumers and other trades. The ACL recognizes a list of factors that the tribunals may believe when shaping whether a trade has affianced in unconscionable behavior or not. In the recent well known case of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Lux Distributors Pty Ltd [2013] FCAFC 90 provided the definition of what constitutes a unconscionable conduct briefly (Black Harrison, 2016). fake or deceptive declarations: Trades must guarantee that declarations made by an individual who represent the trade, such as declarations was made to publicize or endorse the trade to clientele, were not in any manner be fake or ambiguous (Consumer and Business Services, 2017). Similarly, if a consumer was seen to be dissatisfied with a product or service then there has been a way in which he could get a relief through the system of court or outside court settlement. Section 18 has been regarded as a catchy section which recognizes that a norm of conduct as it grants that an organization shall not employ in a behavior that was ambiguous or illusory or likely to deceive or misinform. It does not create a liability (Burrows, 2014). Whether a particular conduct of an individual was misleading or not was ultimately a matter for the court to decided and the test was a objective one. In Taco Company of Australia Inc v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982) it was specifically concluded that the conduct of an individual in certain situations could be regarded as deception and unconscionable but it: Must guide, or Be capable of leading an individual into an erroneous situation. So it could be concluded as per the above mentioned data that the Australian Consumer Law be regarded as a symbol of a chance for a new approach which was adopted like the consumer policy. And it helps in depicting on the widest variety of consumer policy, enforcement experience and knowledge. It has been observed and reviewed that people and governments both could bring in a dependable approach in regard to consumer law and policy. As such policy or laws would then enable all consumers of the state to get pleasure from the profits of reliable privileges anywhere they may be. And also it would permit all the trades of the state to get hold of a better competence through a single and simplified state law. In this manner, it would improve the interests of all residents of the state. And the upcoming appraisal of ACL would be a chance to close the cracks in the laws for the security of the clients that permit these unjust trade forms to flourish. The opening of an innovative set of unreasonable business would be an important step. A universal unreasonable practice section would help customers and the world at large by humanizing customer safety, escalating customer assurance and expounding the existing laws. References Australian Competition Consumer Commission. (2014). Consumer product safety online. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Consumer%20product%20safety%20online.pdf Australian Competition Consumer Commission. (2017). Advertising and selling guide. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/accc-book/printer-friendly/29527 Australian Competition Consumer Commission. (2017). Consumer rights guarantees. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/consumers/consumer-rights-guarantees Australian Competition Consumer Commission. (2017). The Australian Competition and Consumer Commissions accountability framework for investigations. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/ACCC's%20accountablility%20framework%20for%20investigations.pdf Australian Consumer Law. (2017). An Introduction to the Australian Consumer Law. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/consumer-policy-in-australia/resources/an-introduction-to-the-australian-consumer-law/ Australian Consumer Law. (2017). Consumer law. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/ Australian Government Solicitor. (2011). Australian Consumer Law. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.ags.gov.au/publications/fact-sheets/fact_sheet_no_12.pdf Australian Government. (2016). Australian Consumer Law and your business. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/fair-trading/australian-consumer-law-and-your-business Black, S. Harrison, J. (2016). Australia: Australian Consumer Law and the Volkswagen diesel episode. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/472984/Product+Liability+Safety/Australian+Consumer+Law+and+the+Volkswagen+diesel+episode Burrows, M. (2014). Misleading and deceptive conduct in business dealings. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.dundaslawyers.com.au/misleading-and-deceptive-conduct-in-business-dealings/ Casey, L. (2011). Australia: Australian Consumer Law changes Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/126518/Consumer+Law/Australian+Consumer+Law+changes+Competition+and+Consumer+Act+2010 Consumer Action Law Centre. (2015). Discussion Paper: Unfair trading and Australia's consumer protection laws. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://consumeraction.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Unfair-Trading-Consumer-Action-2015-Online.pdf Consumer and Business Services. (2017). About Australian Consumer Law. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.cbs.sa.gov.au/consumers/australian-consumer-law/about-australian-consumer-law/ Fletcher Law. (2013). Consumer Law. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://fletcherlaw.com.au/service/competition-and-consumer-law/ Hobart Community Legal Serviced Inc. (2017). Misleading or Deceptive Conduct under the ACL. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.hobartlegal.org.au/tasmanian-law-handbook/consumers-money-and-debts/australian-consumer-law/misleading-or-deceptive Robertson, I. Berry, S. (2014). Australia: ACCC to pursue companies that breach consumer laws. Retrieved on 31st January 2017 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/291660/Consumer+Trading+Unfair+Trading/ACCC+to+pursue+companies+that+breach+consumer+laws