Macro and Micro Environment Essay Example

Macro and Micro Environment Paper Let us take a roughly look at the macro environment just to get the rough idea on the different between macro environment and micro environment. Macro environmental factors generally affect all firms by shaping opportunity and risk in the business-environment. Advancements in research and innovation, changes in political stability or cultural framework are macro factors often influencing long-term strategic management, or even the objectives of a firm. As for the example, Intel with its microchip has shaped management strategy of firms within several industries. Most strategic management modals incorporate an environmental analysis, which scans the existing macro influences and potential opportunities. A situation analysis evaluates environmental influences in relation to internal factors, to establish an individual firm’s limitations and competitiveness. Micro environment is less universal to some extent which the micro environment refers to factors affecting firms in a specific sector or industry. The â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces† modal is an industrial analysis used by firms to understand the micro environment. This strengthens management strategy against changes in micro factors, which can reverberate across the entire industry. There are plenty of micro environmental factors that might affect in today’s business activities. It is an each made up of a self contained micromanagement that happened to stand alone but it interacts with the others in order to make the activities mingling with each other in the micro environment of the business. As for the example, the company itself, the employees, suppliers or even the parts providers which is the suppliers might be the three factors which have a direct effect on the business. The competitors and the customers are happened to be the internal environmental factors that keep business doors open for making money or maximize its profits which will have an impact that is not as direct but just as great because of its impact. Company All of the departments within an organization have the potential to positively or negatively impact and give influence on the outcome of the organization about the customer satisfaction. As a result, a marketing department have to work closely with the finance, purchasing, research and development and manufacturing departments toge ther with among the others in order to identify the ways that each department can contribute to the provision of excellent customer value which will lead to greater customer satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Employees The employees apply an influence on the small business’s quality, operations and profitability through their daily activities. Most of the major quality and production models which including the Lean, Six Sigma and total quality management(TTS) have the framework to encourage the employee leadership over an ordinary management. An example of employee commitment and obligation is the self-directed employee task group. These groups will encourage their group members to learn more and perform to a higher standard and to participate in the mutinous improvement process. The members of these groups can be motivated and inspired by the external forces such as company incentive programs or internal forces such as the pride and satisfaction in work had done well. Supplier The company’s suppliers are the entity that will provide the products or services which the company needs order to add value to the compass own products or services. Those parts or services must be delivered on time and must meet the company’s specifications in order to ensure the level of quality. Fifties requirements are not been met, it is either the production of he company will fall off or the final output of the company’s product will face the quality suffers. In some extreme cases, such as Toast’s recall of cars which is built from 2009 to 2011 for a faulty accelerator. In this situation, the suppliers can cause Toyota the problems with the public perception of Toast’s products or services. In that occasion, the rigorous Toyota Production System which is the Toast’s version Of Henry Ford’s TTS program has been called into question and holds the responsibilities because Toyota had relied on a single supplier for accelerators which is used in its vehicles. Competitors The competitors will directly and indirectly affect the business’s profits by trying to take the business away from the company and it is just as the same where we try to take away their business. The competitors are a stimulus to a company and it is just the same as you the company to them. The competitors will affect the company s activities which will affect its profits, but if the company having to provide the better products for a lower cost and most probably faster than the company’s competition, the company can easily compete with the competitors in ways they may not be able to match. Therein lays an advantage the company whereby it can be driven to provide a product that d elivers more added values for the customers than the competitor. Publics (Customer) Publics or customer are groups that might have a significant impact on the marketing activities which is formulated to contribute to the customers’ satisfaction with a product and an organization. For example, a satisfied customer is a public that can contribute to a marketing program through the positive word of mouth. Consumer will advocates and represents as the watchdog groups are the examples of publics that may encumbered marketing activities through the active word of mouth which will directly give a negative impact towards an organization. About the company of PROTON In this particular discussion, we will look upon the company PROTON which is a national car provider company in Malaysia. PROTON full name is PERUSAL AUTOMOBILE NATIONAL BERTHA or PROTON was incorporated on 7th May 1 983 to manufacture, assemble and sell motor vehicles and related products including the accessories, spare parts and other components. PROTON had produced the Malaysia’s first car which is known as the Proton SAGA which was commercially launched on 9th of July 1985 by Malaysian Fourth Prime Minister which was Tuna Dry. Mathis Mohammad who conceived the idea of a Malaysian car. PROTON was publicly listed on the Koala Lump Stock Exchange (KEELS) in the year of 1992. During that period of time, its shareholders include Khans National Bertha, Petroleum National Bertha, Mediumistic Corporation, Mediumistic Motors Corporation, Employee Provident Fund Board and other local and foreign investors. Tuna Dry. Mathis had gained all the shareholder’s trust in order for them to invest in PROTON and at the same time will save PROTON from being a majority owned by the foreign investors. At the year of 2008, PROTON had put their focus more in the core areas of product, quality, cost efficiency and distribution network and it has been a focal point for PROTON to improve and revolutionize its brand name towards the local and global perceptions. PROTON aims is to have a strong product portfolio. The aims had been executed by PROTON in introducing the right car, for the right market, at the right price and at the right time. This was reflected in the organizations newly introduced PROTON Exert, PROTON Persona and PROTON Saga Models with the latest engine powered by the ewe Camphor FAIN engine. PROTON has also continued to update, make continuous improvement and refresh its existing product lines to entice and attract customers. There are plenty type of PROTON’s car model. The PROTON’s model products include the PROTON was, PROTON Austria, PROTON straight, PROTON war, PROTON Swear, PROTON Arena, PROTON Persona V, PROTON Jaguar, PROTON Persona and PROTON Exert. The ranges of engine capacity provided in PROTON’s products are 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litter engines will satisfy and fulfill a wide range of customers both locally and abroad. PROTON cars are also known internationally as very competitive and innovative automobiles. PROTON now is being exported to other 50 countries like Lignite Kingdom and other continental European markets. By this means, PROTON is realizing its goal of being an internationally successful Malaysian automobile manufacturer. Refer to the history, the first PROTON car was exported to foreign company in 1986. The number has increased steadily every now and then, and in the year of 1 998, Malaysia had exported a total of 1 8,422 units to countries and areas, including Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunet Tarantulas, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sir Lankan, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, united Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. The models which had being exported during that period of time including Wire which is Sedan and Aerobic, Austria and Putter. The company PROTON In order to know better about the company in this micro environmental factor, we have to have the knowledge about the company itself. As for the company PROTON, PROTON’s strength is lies in its competitively priced reduce. Its widespread nationwide distribution network helps the industry to move forward towards the advancement with the support from Malaysian government itself. The company also has the good the corporate governance practice and highly regarded by many of the Malaysian out of patriotism they feel for this country as PROTON is the national car maker and provider. Unfortunately, the apparent due to short history in car making definitely could not be an excuse for PROTON to come out with low quality products. This could cost for PROTON a very high as over the period of time which it eight jeopardize the PROTON’s reputation. Poor product performance and functionality is something crucial for PROTON that cannot be allowed to happen and the quality of product produced always needs to be monitored and assured to the customers. Other than that, the operational cost and other expenses is always to be a challenging indicator to any industry and for the case of PROTON, it is more susceptible to increase the raw material cost such as the steel particularly. The demand for cars in any segment is always there for PROTON except for more trying times like during the economic crisis. There are always plenty of opportunities for PROTON to be a global player in the global market. Nobody ever say that cars should only be manufactured by a developed and contain a powerful technologies like Japan, Germany and other western countries even though these countries have the reputation of making good cars long time ago before PROTON existed in the market and it has bring Malaysia into the picture. Collaborations within big industry players could enable PROTON to do many things by revolutionize its products for improvement. Through research and development department, many more innovative products loud be invented and this could ensure that PROTON to be as a brand name to remain in the industry. The Employees of PROTON PROTON’s Managing Director, Seed Zinnia Abiding, was once quoted saying that 60 percent of the defects made in PROTON cars were due to poor quality components from vendors, but he also admitted that the rest of the blame has a clear-cut on the firm’s workforce. Since then, the management of PROTON had urged the employees to focus on quality control which is very critical and a crucial factor to put PROTON to profitability and overseas exports. This is because the consumers always wanted the quality cars and hey have put extra efforts to wait for PROTON to improve its quality and the also have the high expectations on PROTON. According to Seed Zinnia Abiding again, he quoted that, â€Å"Today, we want to focus on rebuilding the company. The focus is putting PROTON on a better footing, to improve quality, product and profit. We need to be prepared to compete globally. † Therefore, in order to retain a competitive edge in term of skills-set and technical know-how in this industry, PROTON needs to ensure that their human capital and the workforce is to be continuously developed with the right training and tools. Consistent and relevant training is very crucial for the human capital of PROTON in order to ensure that their employees have the knowledge and tools to help drive PROTON forward and it will bring up the quality of the employees as well. The suppliers of PROTON As we all know, PROTON have to be careful in opening tenders for those suppliers in order to fulfill its requirement on the product specifications and all sort of things that could urge PROTON to produce the quality cars. If the management is serious in bringing the PROTON back to a profitable entity and building up its reputation to gain the heart of its customer, they should UN it like a proper corporation and not as a charity organization which means the incompetent of vendors and the vendors which were being overlooked, contributing hiccup and downturn of the PROTON’s sales performances. This might affect the reputation of PROTON which they do not adhere to the standard of PROTON’s requirement of specificatio n s must be removed and replaced with the other suppliers or vendors. This is because the vendors will play as a big player for PROTON to improve its quality of product which could bring up its reputation to the public. In another word, if PROTON is trying to talk and campaigning about the zero- effect, then the zero tolerance towards the vendors who cannot deliver must come into the picture as a complimentary to the campaign or otherwise the entire exercise of campaign is going to be a pointless effort and public fund will continue to be wasted just by a simple lousy mismanagement on revaluing the vendors. PROTON’s zero-defect campaign is aimed at removing a reputation for poor quality which has left it struggling to compete against foreign competitors. The Competitors of PROTON One of the threats is of course from the rivals twitchiest is the competitors in the local automotive industry. Perusal Tomtit Asked (Persona) which is the Malaysian second national car maker and provider had been set up after PROTON started to challenge PROTON’s in the local market share In Malaysia. Persona actually did better in recent years and outperformed PROTON with their most well selling car model so far which is the Movie and they grab for more than 30% of overall market share. Above is the example photo of the PERSONA Movie which had been the most selling car in recent years and it had dominated the market in a quite high number of percentage. PARODIED keep on producing and improving its Movie del because they can easily tap the market as it is a hot item in the market. Macro and Micro Environment Essay Example Macro and Micro Environment Paper Let us take a roughly look at the macro environment just to get the rough idea on the different between macro environment and micro environment. Macro environmental factors generally affect all firms by shaping opportunity and risk in the business-environment. Advancements in research and innovation, changes in political stability or cultural framework are macro factors often influencing long-term strategic management, or even the objectives of a firm. As for the example, Intel with its microchip has shaped management strategy of firms within several industries. Most strategic management modals incorporate an environmental analysis, which scans the existing macro influences and potential opportunities. A situation analysis evaluates environmental influences in relation to internal factors, to establish an individual firm’s limitations and competitiveness. Micro environment is less universal to some extent which the micro environment refers to factors affecting firms in a specific sector or industry. The â€Å"Porter’s Five Forces† modal is an industrial analysis used by firms to understand the micro environment. This strengthens management strategy against changes in micro factors, which can reverberate across the entire industry. There are plenty of micro environmental factors that might affect in today’s business activities. It is an each made up of a self contained micromanagement that happened to stand alone but it interacts with the others in order to make the activities mingling with each other in the micro environment of the business. As for the example, the company itself, the employees, suppliers or even the parts providers which is the suppliers might be the three factors which have a direct effect on the business. The competitors and the customers are happened to be the internal environmental factors that keep business doors open for making money or maximize its profits which will have an impact that is not as direct but just as great because of its impact. Company All of the departments within an organization have the potential to positively or negatively impact and give influence on the outcome of the organization about the customer satisfaction. As a result, a marketing department have to work closely with the finance, purchasing, research and development and manufacturing departments toge ther with among the others in order to identify the ways that each department can contribute to the provision of excellent customer value which will lead to greater customer satisfaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macro and Micro Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Employees The employees apply an influence on the small business’s quality, operations and profitability through their daily activities. Most of the major quality and production models which including the Lean, Six Sigma and total quality management(TTS) have the framework to encourage the employee leadership over an ordinary management. An example of employee commitment and obligation is the self-directed employee task group. These groups will encourage their group members to learn more and perform to a higher standard and to participate in the mutinous improvement process. The members of these groups can be motivated and inspired by the external forces such as company incentive programs or internal forces such as the pride and satisfaction in work had done well. Supplier The company’s suppliers are the entity that will provide the products or services which the company needs order to add value to the compass own products or services. Those parts or services must be delivered on time and must meet the company’s specifications in order to ensure the level of quality. Fifties requirements are not been met, it is either the production of he company will fall off or the final output of the company’s product will face the quality suffers. In some extreme cases, such as Toast’s recall of cars which is built from 2009 to 2011 for a faulty accelerator. In this situation, the suppliers can cause Toyota the problems with the public perception of Toast’s products or services. In that occasion, the rigorous Toyota Production System which is the Toast’s version Of Henry Ford’s TTS program has been called into question and holds the responsibilities because Toyota had relied on a single supplier for accelerators which is used in its vehicles. Competitors The competitors will directly and indirectly affect the business’s profits by trying to take the business away from the company and it is just as the same where we try to take away their business. The competitors are a stimulus to a company and it is just the same as you the company to them. The competitors will affect the company s activities which will affect its profits, but if the company having to provide the better products for a lower cost and most probably faster than the company’s competition, the company can easily compete with the competitors in ways they may not be able to match. Therein lays an advantage the company whereby it can be driven to provide a product that d elivers more added values for the customers than the competitor. Publics (Customer) Publics or customer are groups that might have a significant impact on the marketing activities which is formulated to contribute to the customers’ satisfaction with a product and an organization. For example, a satisfied customer is a public that can contribute to a marketing program through the positive word of mouth. Consumer will advocates and represents as the watchdog groups are the examples of publics that may encumbered marketing activities through the active word of mouth which will directly give a negative impact towards an organization. About the company of PROTON In this particular discussion, we will look upon the company PROTON which is a national car provider company in Malaysia. PROTON full name is PERUSAL AUTOMOBILE NATIONAL BERTHA or PROTON was incorporated on 7th May 1 983 to manufacture, assemble and sell motor vehicles and related products including the accessories, spare parts and other components. PROTON had produced the Malaysia’s first car which is known as the Proton SAGA which was commercially launched on 9th of July 1985 by Malaysian Fourth Prime Minister which was Tuna Dry. Mathis Mohammad who conceived the idea of a Malaysian car. PROTON was publicly listed on the Koala Lump Stock Exchange (KEELS) in the year of 1992. During that period of time, its shareholders include Khans National Bertha, Petroleum National Bertha, Mediumistic Corporation, Mediumistic Motors Corporation, Employee Provident Fund Board and other local and foreign investors. Tuna Dry. Mathis had gained all the shareholder’s trust in order for them to invest in PROTON and at the same time will save PROTON from being a majority owned by the foreign investors. At the year of 2008, PROTON had put their focus more in the core areas of product, quality, cost efficiency and distribution network and it has been a focal point for PROTON to improve and revolutionize its brand name towards the local and global perceptions. PROTON aims is to have a strong product portfolio. The aims had been executed by PROTON in introducing the right car, for the right market, at the right price and at the right time. This was reflected in the organizations newly introduced PROTON Exert, PROTON Persona and PROTON Saga Models with the latest engine powered by the ewe Camphor FAIN engine. PROTON has also continued to update, make continuous improvement and refresh its existing product lines to entice and attract customers. There are plenty type of PROTON’s car model. The PROTON’s model products include the PROTON was, PROTON Austria, PROTON straight, PROTON war, PROTON Swear, PROTON Arena, PROTON Persona V, PROTON Jaguar, PROTON Persona and PROTON Exert. The ranges of engine capacity provided in PROTON’s products are 1. 3, 1. 5, 1. 6, 1. 8 and 2. 0 litter engines will satisfy and fulfill a wide range of customers both locally and abroad. PROTON cars are also known internationally as very competitive and innovative automobiles. PROTON now is being exported to other 50 countries like Lignite Kingdom and other continental European markets. By this means, PROTON is realizing its goal of being an internationally successful Malaysian automobile manufacturer. Refer to the history, the first PROTON car was exported to foreign company in 1986. The number has increased steadily every now and then, and in the year of 1 998, Malaysia had exported a total of 1 8,422 units to countries and areas, including Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunet Tarantulas, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, Fiji, Germany, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Mauritius, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sir Lankan, Taiwan Province of China, Turkey, united Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. The models which had being exported during that period of time including Wire which is Sedan and Aerobic, Austria and Putter. The company PROTON In order to know better about the company in this micro environmental factor, we have to have the knowledge about the company itself. As for the company PROTON, PROTON’s strength is lies in its competitively priced reduce. Its widespread nationwide distribution network helps the industry to move forward towards the advancement with the support from Malaysian government itself. The company also has the good the corporate governance practice and highly regarded by many of the Malaysian out of patriotism they feel for this country as PROTON is the national car maker and provider. Unfortunately, the apparent due to short history in car making definitely could not be an excuse for PROTON to come out with low quality products. This could cost for PROTON a very high as over the period of time which it eight jeopardize the PROTON’s reputation. Poor product performance and functionality is something crucial for PROTON that cannot be allowed to happen and the quality of product produced always needs to be monitored and assured to the customers. Other than that, the operational cost and other expenses is always to be a challenging indicator to any industry and for the case of PROTON, it is more susceptible to increase the raw material cost such as the steel particularly. The demand for cars in any segment is always there for PROTON except for more trying times like during the economic crisis. There are always plenty of opportunities for PROTON to be a global player in the global market. Nobody ever say that cars should only be manufactured by a developed and contain a powerful technologies like Japan, Germany and other western countries even though these countries have the reputation of making good cars long time ago before PROTON existed in the market and it has bring Malaysia into the picture. Collaborations within big industry players could enable PROTON to do many things by revolutionize its products for improvement. Through research and development department, many more innovative products loud be invented and this could ensure that PROTON to be as a brand name to remain in the industry. The Employees of PROTON PROTON’s Managing Director, Seed Zinnia Abiding, was once quoted saying that 60 percent of the defects made in PROTON cars were due to poor quality components from vendors, but he also admitted that the rest of the blame has a clear-cut on the firm’s workforce. Since then, the management of PROTON had urged the employees to focus on quality control which is very critical and a crucial factor to put PROTON to profitability and overseas exports. This is because the consumers always wanted the quality cars and hey have put extra efforts to wait for PROTON to improve its quality and the also have the high expectations on PROTON. According to Seed Zinnia Abiding again, he quoted that, â€Å"Today, we want to focus on rebuilding the company. The focus is putting PROTON on a better footing, to improve quality, product and profit. We need to be prepared to compete globally. † Therefore, in order to retain a competitive edge in term of skills-set and technical know-how in this industry, PROTON needs to ensure that their human capital and the workforce is to be continuously developed with the right training and tools. Consistent and relevant training is very crucial for the human capital of PROTON in order to ensure that their employees have the knowledge and tools to help drive PROTON forward and it will bring up the quality of the employees as well. The suppliers of PROTON As we all know, PROTON have to be careful in opening tenders for those suppliers in order to fulfill its requirement on the product specifications and all sort of things that could urge PROTON to produce the quality cars. If the management is serious in bringing the PROTON back to a profitable entity and building up its reputation to gain the heart of its customer, they should UN it like a proper corporation and not as a charity organization which means the incompetent of vendors and the vendors which were being overlooked, contributing hiccup and downturn of the PROTON’s sales performances. This might affect the reputation of PROTON which they do not adhere to the standard of PROTON’s requirement of specificatio n s must be removed and replaced with the other suppliers or vendors. This is because the vendors will play as a big player for PROTON to improve its quality of product which could bring up its reputation to the public. In another word, if PROTON is trying to talk and campaigning about the zero- effect, then the zero tolerance towards the vendors who cannot deliver must come into the picture as a complimentary to the campaign or otherwise the entire exercise of campaign is going to be a pointless effort and public fund will continue to be wasted just by a simple lousy mismanagement on revaluing the vendors. PROTON’s zero-defect campaign is aimed at removing a reputation for poor quality which has left it struggling to compete against foreign competitors. The Competitors of PROTON One of the threats is of course from the rivals twitchiest is the competitors in the local automotive industry. Perusal Tomtit Asked (Persona) which is the Malaysian second national car maker and provider had been set up after PROTON started to challenge PROTON’s in the local market share In Malaysia. Persona actually did better in recent years and outperformed PROTON with their most well selling car model so far which is the Movie and they grab for more than 30% of overall market share. Above is the example photo of the PERSONA Movie which had been the most selling car in recent years and it had dominated the market in a quite high number of percentage. PARODIED keep on producing and improving its Movie del because they can easily tap the market as it is a hot item in the market.

The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism

The Origins and Proliferation of Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism was initially an anti-slavery and anti-colonial movement amongst black people of Africa and the diaspora in the late 19th century. Its aims have evolved through the ensuing decades. Pan-Africanism has covered calls for African unity (both as a continent and as a people), nationalism, independence, political and economic cooperation, and historical and cultural awareness (especially for Afrocentric versus Eurocentric interpretations). History of Pan-Africanism Some claim that Pan-Africanism goes back to the writings of ex-slaves such as Olaudah Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano. Pan-Africanism here related to the ending of the slave trade, and the need to rebut the scientific claims of African inferiority. For Pan-Africanists, such as Edward Wilmot Blyden, part of the call for African unity was to return the diaspora to Africa, whereas others, such as Frederick Douglass, called for rights in their adopted countries. Blyden and James Africanus Beale Horton, working in Africa, are seen as the true fathers of Pan-Africanism, writing about the potential for African nationalism and self-government amidst growing European colonialism. They, in turn, inspired a new generation of Pan-Africanists at the turn of the twentieth century, including  JE Casely Hayford, and Martin Robinson Delany (who coined the phrase Africa for Africans later picked up by Marcus Garvey). African Association and Pan-African Congresses Pan-Africanism gained legitimacy with the founding of the African Association in London in 1897, and the first Pan-African conference held, again in London, in 1900. Henry Sylvester Williams, the power behind the African Association, and his colleagues were interested in uniting the whole of the African diaspora  and gaining political rights for those of African descent. Others were more concerned with the struggle against colonialism and Imperial rule in Africa and the Caribbean.  Dusà © Mohamed Ali, for example, believed that change could only come through economic development. Marcus Garvey combined the two paths, calling for political and economic gains as well as a return to Africa, either physically or through a return to an Africanized ideology. Between the World Wars, Pan-Africanism was influenced by communism and trade unionism, especially through the writings of George Padmore, Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Frantz Fanon, Aimà © Cà ©saire, Paul Robeson, CLR James, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Walter Rodney. Significantly, Pan-Africanism had expanded out beyond the continent into Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas. W.E.B. Du Bois organized a series of Pan-African Congresses in London, Paris, and New York in the first half of the twentieth century. International awareness of Africa was also heightened by the Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935. Also between the two World Wars, Africas two main colonial powers, France and Britain, attracted a younger group of Pan-Africanists: Aimà © Cà ©saire, Là ©opold Sà ©dar Senghor, Cheikh Anta Diop, and Ladipo Solanke. As student activists, they gave rise to Africanist philosophies such as Nà ©gritude. International Pan-Africanism had probably reached its zenith by the end of World War II when W.E.B Du Bois held the fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester in 1945. African Independence After World War II, Pan-Africanist interests once more returned to the African continent, with a particular focus on African unity and liberation. A number of leading Pan-Africanists, particularly George Padmore and W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasized their commitment to Africa by emigrating (in both cases to Ghana) and becoming African citizens. Across the continent, a new group of Pan-Africanists arose amongst the nationalists- Kwame Nkrumah, Sà ©kou Ahmed Tourà ©, Ahmed Ben Bella, Julius Nyerere, Jomo Kenyatta, Amilcar Cabral, and Patrice Lumumba. In 1963, the Organization of African Unity was formed to advance cooperation and solidarity between newly independent African countries and fight against colonialism. In an attempt to revamp the organization, and move away from it being seen as an alliance of African dictators, it was re-imagined in July 2002 as the African Union. Modern Pan-Africanism Pan-Africanism today is seen much more as a cultural and social philosophy than the politically driven movement of the past. People, such as Molefi Kete Asante, hold to the importance of ancient Egyptian and Nubian cultures being part of a (black) African heritage and seek a re-evaluation of Africas place, and the diaspora, in the world. Sources: Adi, Hakim and Sherwood, Marika. Pan-African History: Political figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. Routledge. 2003.Ali, A. Mazrui. and Currey, James. General History of Africa: VIII Africa Since 1935. 1999.Reid, Richard J. A History of Modern Africa. Wiley-Blackwell. 2009.Rothermund, Dietmar. The Routledge Companion to Decolonization. Routledge. 2006.

Connotation and Denotation - Commonly Confused Words

Connotation and Denotation - Commonly Confused Words The nouns denotation and connotation both have to do with the meanings of words, but denotative meaning isnt quite the same as connotative meaning. Definitions The noun denotation refers to the direct or explicit meaning of a word or phrase - that is, its dictionary definition. Verb: denote. Adjective: denotative.The noun  connotation  refers to the implied meaning or association of a word or phrase apart from the thing it explicitly identifies. A connotation can be positive or negative. Verb:  connote. Adjective:  connotative. It is possible for the connotation and denotation of a word or phrase to be in conflict with each other. Denotation is typically straightforward, while connotations develop in social contexts. The connotation of a word may vary between different groups, eras, or settings, so context is crucial. See the usage notes below. Also see: Choosing the Best Words: Denotations and ConnotationsCommonly Confused Words: Connote and DenoteConnotation  and  DenotationGlossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words Examples and Context The southern accent was the primary identifying mark of the hillbilly; the term has a definite regional connotation. . . .  The term also suggested that those to whom it was applied had a rural origin; this  connotation  persists in later descriptions of the hillbillies. Most important, it had a definite class  connotation.(Lewis M. Killian,  White Southerners, rev. ed. University of Massachusetts Press, 1985)You do realize that saying we need to talk to your girlfriend has ominous  connotations?(Kay Panabaker as Daphne Powell in the television program  No Ordinary Family, 2011)The denotation of a word is its prescribed, dictionary-type definition. For example, the sentence you just read gives you the denotation of the word denotation, because it told you its definition.(David Rush, A Student Guide to Play Analysis. Southern Illinois University Press, 2005) Usage Notes   The Relative Weight of Denotative and Connotative MeaningsIndividual words vary considerably in the relative weight of their denotative and connotative meanings. Most technical terms, for example, have very little connotation. That is their virtue: they denote an entity or concept precisely and unambiguously without the possible confusion engendered by fringe meanings: diode, spinnaker, cosine. We may think of such words as small and compactall nucleus, so to speak. . . .Connotation looms larger than denotation in other cases. Some words have large and diffuse meanings. What matters is their secondary or suggestive meanings, not their relatively unimportant denotations. The expression old-fashioned, for instance, hauls a heavy load of connotations. It denotes belonging to, or characteristic of, the past. But far more important than that central meaning is the connotation, or rather two quite different connotations, that have gathered about the nucleus: (1) valuable, worthy of honor a nd emulation and (2) foolish, ridiculous, out-of-date; to be avoided. With such words the large outer, or connotative, circle is significant; the nucleus small and insignificant.(Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988) Connotation and ContextDenotation tends to be described as the  definitional,  literal, obvious or common-sense meaning of a  sign. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the  dictionary  attempts to provide. . . . The term connotation is used to refer to the socio-cultural and personal associations (ideological, emotional, etc.) of the sign. These are typically related to the interpreters class, age, gender, ethnicity and so on. Connotation is thus  context-dependent.(Daniel Chandler,  Semiotics: The Basics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2007)ComplicationsThe distinction between denotation and connotation was important in literary criticism and theory from the 1930s to the 1970s. The denotation of a word or phrase is its literal or obvious meaning or reference as specified in a dictionary; the connotations of a word or phrase are the secondary or associated significances that it commonly suggests or implies. This distinction is complicated in practice bec ause many words have more than one denotation and because dictionaries sometimes include definitions of a word based on connotation as well as denotation. E.g., the first set of definitions of the word rose given by the OED tells us that a rose is both a well-known beautiful and fragrant flower and a rose-plant, rose-bush, or rose-tree; in addition, the OED gives a number of allusive, emblematic, or figurative uses (e.g., a bed of roses or under the rose) that reveal the huge store of cultural connotations associated with the flower.(T. Furniss, Connotation and Denotation. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, 4th ed.. edited by Stephen Cushman et al, Princeton University Press, 2012) Practice   (a) There is a human sense that an agreementalmost any agreementwill bring peace, but also a fear that it will compromise the national sovereignty. Negotiation with another nation may carry the positive _____ of overcoming conflict but also the negative_____ of betraying loyalties.(John H. Barton, The Politics of Peace. Stanford University Press, 1981)(b) The _____ of the word skinny is quite similar in definition to the word slim; however, when students are asked whether they would prefer to be called skinny or slim they usually answer slim.(Vicki L. Cohen and John Edwin Cowen, Literacy for Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008) Answers to Practice Exercises below. Answers to Practice Exercises: connotation and denotation (a)  (a) There is a human sense that an agreementalmost any agreementwill bring peace, but also a fear that it will compromise the national sovereignty. Negotiation with another nation may carry the positive connotation  of overcoming conflict but also the negative connotation of betraying loyalties.(John H. Barton,  The Politics of Peace. Stanford University Press, 1981)(b) The denotation of the word skinny is quite similar in definition to the word slim; however, when students are asked whether they would prefer to be called skinny or slim they usually answer slim.(Vicki L. Cohen and John Edwin Cowen, Literacy for Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and Thinking. Thomson Wadsworth, 2008)

Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Security - Assignment Example With these features, users of the 2014 MS SQL server will be able to form a database in an SQL Server operating in on-premises or in a computer-generated device in Windows Azure with a developing storage site the users’ information in Windows Azure Blob Storage. Evidently, each of these features work well in contrast to the former SQL Server by Microsoft (Natan, p. 74). 2. I can ensure that the DBMS operating in a consistent overall secure environment by first checking whether DBMS setting on which it is operating is at maximum capacity and output. Assuring optimal capacity enables me to store the file and its sensitivity degree in the database (Natan, p. 223). As a result, the DBMS makes sure that only authorized users can read or edit the file. Second, I can make the DBMS multi-level so that it can with similar authorization ranges. Afterwards, I can store the file at any location because it is presumed that the location can process the information that agree. Third, the DBMS is at multi-level, I can make it handle the authorization ranges differently. This way, the file stored at a given location can be authorized to read or edit the degree of the file (Natan, p. 223). 3. An example of how buffer overflows can make databases susceptible is a program composed in a language that tolerates or even facilitates buffer overflows (Natan, p. 24). Occasionally, such a program can depend on another program composed in a language that facilitates buffer overflows. Such a program will replicate information from a single stream on the stack to another without initially testing their sizes (Natan, p. 24). This program does not employ methods like canary values or non-applicable stacks to stop buffer overflows. At this point, is very possible that the database accommodating this program is susceptible to external intrusion. Programs regularly distribute memory

Is it necessary to use both demand and supple side policies to manage Coursework

Is it necessary to use both demand and supple side policies to manage the uk economy - Coursework Example Conversely, the supply side policies are key in the determination of the long term growth of the UK’s productivity. As is asserted by the literature of Keynes, the belief in his work was that whether the government distributed money to its consumers, the result would be demand for more commodities. This will result in creating incentive for the suppliers to provide more commodities. This implies that the major drive for economic growth is the demand (consumers). In relevance to this, for the optimal management of the economy of the United Kingdom, and for the economy to realize an increase in the GDP, the government should embrace the demand side policies. In addition, the government, should extensively and effectively focus on how to raise the expenditure of the average citizen. Demand side policies have the objective to cause a rise in the aggregate demand. If there exist negative production gap, the demand side policies are crucial in increasing the level of the economy. Conversely, if the economy of a country, in this case, the UK economy is at its full capacity in the rate of growth, inflation will be the consequence of a further rise in the aggregate demand (AD), as illustrated in the diagram 1 (Freeman, 2006, pg. 123). Among the aspects of the demand side policies which can control the economy is the monetary policy. The monetary policy is the basic instrument that can influence the activities of the economy. To increase the aggregate demand, the rate of interest can only be lowered by either the Central Bank or government (Langdana, 2009,p.27). A decrease in the rates of the interest lowers the cost of taking loans, increasing investment incentives, and expenditure by the consumers. Conversely, a decrease in the interest rates lowers the need to make savings, and instead creating attractiveness for spending. In addition, as a result of reduced

Comparing and Contrasting Two Golf Greats Essay Example for Free

Comparing and Contrasting Two Golf Greats Essay Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are respectively the two greatest golf players in the history of the sport. Nicklaus and Woods both dominated the game and nearly set unattainable standards that future players can only dream of achieving. The records that Nicklaus and Woods have set are legendary and only a brilliant prodigy could possibly surpass them. Currently, Nicklaus is the greatest player in the history of the sport, but as a retired player he can achieve no more. In contrast, Woods who is an active player continues his quest to surpass Nicklaus and establish himself as the greatest player in history. As Woods continues to achieve greatness, comparisons are often made between himself and Nicklaus and although their success in golf is comparable, they are two distinctly different people. However, whatever their differences and similarities are Nicklaus and Woods’ are on a collision course with history to determine who will be the greatest golf player in history of the sport. Nicklaus and Woods are comparable when it comes to golf and one of the major similarities they share is their dominance of the game. Woods and Nicklaues became dominate early in their careers, they both won their first majors at the ages of 21 and 22 respectively (Diaz) and Woods became the youngest player in golf history to win a Major. Both men proved they were forces on the tour, â€Å"in their first nine years as pros, Nicklaus won eight majors (1962-70) and Woods has won ten (1997-present)† (Diaz) and both players also attained the number one ranking. Woods and Nicklaus have also earned comparable amounts of prize money. According to Tiger Woods’ official profile on the PGA Tour’s website; Woods has earned an astonishing $68,179,382 in prize money, while â€Å"Nicklaus has earned $5,734,031† (Tiger vs. Jack), which is worth over 50 million dollars when inflation is adjusted. Furthermore, Nicklaus and Woods can also be compared with their contributions to the sport. Nicklaus is credited for making golf a spectator sport, while Woods is credited for brining in minority viewers and players. Despite all the similarities they share, Nicklaus and Woods also have many contrasts. One major contrast between Nicklaus and Woods is their backgrounds. Nicklaus comes from a white middle-class family, while Woods comes from a multi-ethnic family. Nicklaus and Woods are also different in regards to how they rose to prominence in golf. For instance, Nicklaus played in many sports and didn’t seriously focus on golf until his late teens. Nicklaus once said, â€Å"I didnt even decide that golf was a significant part of my life until I was 19 (qtd. in Diaz), which was a drastic contrast from Woods. From the age of 2 Woods was groomed to be a golf player and was considered a prodigy and by 19 was already a celebrity, unlike Nicklaus. Another significant difference between Nicklaus and Woods is that Woods is a marketing superstar who endorses many products, thus giving Woods a much higher international profile than Nicklaus. Lastly, the most important difference between the two greats is that played in different eras. Some argue that Woods’ era is far more difficult because it’s more competitive and has greater depth, while others argue that Nicklaus’ era was more competitive and produced more golf record holders. However, regardless of whose era is stronger both eras produced Nicklaus and Woods who are the two greatest golf players in history. Nicklaus and Woods are the greatest golfers in the history of the sport. They both added brilliance to the sport and although the chapters in Nicklaus’ career are over, few players will ever come close to achieving what he has. The only player that currently has a chance of surpassing Nicklaus is Woods, whose chasing records and glory of his own. Works Cited â€Å"Tiger vs. Jack: A Head-to-Head Comparison. † golfdigest. com. 4 April 2007. http://www. golfdigest. com/majors/pga/index. ssf? /majors/pga/tigervsjack. html. Diaz, Jamie. Tiger Woods vs. Jack Nicklaus: Who is the Greatest Player of All Time? There Has Never Been a Better Time to Compare. golfdigest. com. December 2002. 4 April 2007. http://www. golfdigest. com/features/index. ssf? /features/gd200212 tigervsjack. html. â€Å"Tiger Woods Profile. † Pgatour. com. 4 April 2007. http://www. pgatour. com/players/00/87/93/index. html.

In An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley has a message to deliver, what :: English Literature

In An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley has a message to deliver, what is this message and how does he deliver this message? In the play 'An Inspector Calls' the playwright John Boynton Priestley, uses real people in artificial situations to create the well-rounded performance, he does this so effectively because the people of the time could relate to these situations, setting and the issues raised but could also place themselves in the play with each person in the audience becoming an actors. We are constantly kept on the edge, never knowing what to expect next. He does this by using many complex dramatic devices in order to give the correct information to the audience and actors and deliver it with pinpoint timing. In this family situation the inspector is able to manipulate it by knowing the significant weaknesses and personalities of the individual family members. He shows the family cannot communicate with each other when put in a tense or uneasy situation. One of the devices he uses is the constant use of small climaxes where the audience believe they have found the major culprit then the line of enquiry jolts off into another direction this makes the play both captivating and interesting. This is shown in the way it holds the audience all the way through, building up slowly with peaks, gathering the complex plot as it goes along, then finally ends in a stunning climax with a twist. Throughout the play the inspector is extracting small threads of information from each member of the family and slowly interweaves the small threads to form one big picture, once the picture is formed the audience can narrow it down to the main culprit this acts as the first conclusion of the play, but once the audience have realised that there isn't one culprit but instead the whole family are guilty for her death this really drives the message home. The inspector uses a photograph very cleverly because the family believe that the inspector is showing the same pictures to everyone, as an alternative these could be pictures of different people. After the inspector has carried out all his investigations the family is split into two sections, one being the people who are sorry for all the hurt and pain they have caused, these are the people that have taken in Priestley's and the inspectors message, the socialists. On the other hand the other group are the elders that are stuck in there old fashioned ways and believe that society functions better as individuals and not a team these are the people that Priestley is rebelling against, the capitalists, the money driven people who don't

Can We Trust Our Emotions In The Pursuit Of Knowledge?

Mankind shares psychological phenomena known as emotion that is a natural state of mind deriving from a person. 1 By means of this special ability, trusting our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge can be questioned, as it is a circumstance that involves only an individual, there might be an increasing chance of being invalid. This generalization can be countered by the fact there can be influences of emotion in pursuing knowledge in many cases such as in two particular Areas of Knowledge: History and Natural Science.As such, the knowledge issues rose: To what extent does emotion hinder our acquisition of knowledge? This question examines what role emotion play in the pursuit of knowledge and whether or not emotion is a source of knowledge or otherwise, an obstacle to knowledge. In history, the sense of trusting emotions in the process of knowledge acquisition in History as a discourse is rarely ideal. The explanation for this is that emotions can wrongly paint our perceptions for pr oofs to prop historical facts and events.When referring to emotions, it is possible to develop a negative attitude from the evidence presented. There can be of a lot of benefits of the study in history discourse. History aids in understanding what is being studied, give insight of who did it and the approximate or the actual period a study or event occurred. Emotions restrain and influence rationality and thereby leading to distorted history and false facts. An example of emotion is probable forces involving the trial David Irving Vs.Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin publishers. David was accused of being a racist and anti-Semitic by claiming that Holocaust never happened. During a trial, he came up with the evidence to prop his claim that Holocaust never happened. In his evidence, he claimed that there was no official plan or policy to put the Jewish race into termination though there was a proof of the Wansee conference where the Nazis met to plan against the Jews.In the trial, the cou rt was also notified that he used to sing a racist song to his daughters2and based on this fact therefore, one can deduct that he had confirmation biasness owing from his emotions (hatred), towards Jewish race. This biasness therefore, masked the facts of the Holocaust causing the defendant to see things from one dimension which impacted on his judgment and reasoning. Irving was even consistence in his bias by claiming that the gas chambers were not met to exterminate humans but was for delousing. This claim was then discredited by doctors and remained as a conflictive issue.From this point therefore, emotions are not trustworthy in the process of acquisition of knowledge in history. Whilst emotions may negatively impact the history leading to distortion, some emotions can have a positive impact on history as a discourse. These emotions of liking and enthusiasm towards an event, thing, place or group may make one develop the sense of searching for more knowledge concerning the subje ct and therefore this leads to one quest for unearthing the deep hidden facts on the subject and hence producing facts require in History.Example here is: it is the deep sense of belonging and deep feeling of enthusiasm that led to the Egyptians Hussein Bassir, Ahmad Faschri, Sami Gabra, Zakaria Goneim, Labib Habachi among others venture into Egyptology (Study of ancient Egypt). 3 That affection gives these individuals challenges for unearthing more artifacts for ancient history that helps articulate the pieces of Ancient Egypt history and hence an example of positive contribution of emotion to history. 4 In natural science, emotions also may impact the acquisition for knowledge to a great extent.In pharmacology for example, a negative attitude of a researcher in determining the medicinal value, toxicity and the dosage of a certain physiologically active compound (P. A. C. ) from a given herbal might lead to biased research. This has the potential to lead to wrong administrations of bioassays and test of the very same dosage that may lead to negative result even if the P. A. C. is present in large quantities, the result are then pre-set to read negative due to the attitude of the researcher that is likely to affect his dexterity, carefulness and also  perception.This finally leads to a wrong conclusion that in the real sense lacks scientific approval or disapproval as the biasness brought about by emotions led to successive blunders in the following of scientific syntaxes and therefore wrong conclusion and results at the long run. A perfect example to this is a certain Biology class in High Ridge High school where, students were asked to observe different cells in blood samples under a light microscope.The students first perceived that one could not visualize blood cells since it was their first time to do so and more so did it against their wish of using the new microscopes as opposed to the old ones they were obliged to use. Due to the inbuilt feeling that the old microscopes were not as efficient as the new ones therefore, the students smeared their specimen on a slide and then mounted it on a microscope without staining the specimen and hence could not visualize blood cells.In their report to the respective tutor, the students wrote that there was absence of blood cells and the test was negative. The truth of the matter was the negative emotion of being denied the chance to use new microscope outflanked the result orientation in the minds of the students to the extent that they forgot the most crucial step that could lead to success of their scientific activity. Emotions, i. e.attitude, love, hatred, happiness, moods, affection and all others are not worth trust in the process of knowledge acquisition be it in History as a field of discourse, philosophy, natural sciences and even language since the perception of emotions occurs in brain and the knowledge acquisition still occurs in brain and therefore, negative conception of a cert ain idea might lead to biasness that might distort the much required fact either in history research or in natural science.Emotions mask one’s rationality to reason as per the expectations and therefore in that sense impair ones judgment. In the two cases that we have examined, Irving failed to acknowledge the eventuality of Genocide in Germany by the Nazi regime and went further to claim that the murderous gas chambers used were for delousing and not killing humans. Secondly, due to the preset emotions of the students, they fail to stain their specimens and this leads them to wrong results and subsequently conclusions owing to their negative attitude towards using old microscopes as opposed to new ones.The error that occurs is not as attribute of the microscopes but students’ ignorance and negative attitude. It is worth a note also that emotions are not always detrimental to acquisition of knowledge but at times beneficial to the process of knowledge acquisition if at all they are positive as per the case of patriotic Egyptians in their career as Egyptologist. Can we trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge? Mankind shares psychological phenomena known as emotion that is a natural state of mind deriving from a person. 1 By means of this special ability, trusting our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge can be questioned, as it is a circumstance that involves only an individual, there might be an increasing chance of being invalid. This generalization can be countered by the fact there can be influences of emotion in pursuing knowledge in many cases such as in two particular Areas of Knowledge: History and Natural Science.As such, the knowledge issues rose: To what extent does emotion hinder our acquisition of knowledge? This question examines what role emotion play in the pursuit of knowledge and whether or not emotion is a source of knowledge or otherwise, an obstacle to knowledge. In history, the sense of trusting emotions in the process of knowledge acquisition in History as a discourse is rarely ideal. The explanation for this is that emotions can wrongly paint our perceptions for pr oofs to prop historical facts and events.When referring to emotions, it is possible to develop a negative attitude from the evidence presented. There can be of a lot of benefits of the study in history discourse. History aids in understanding what is being studied, give insight of who did it and the approximate or the actual period a study or event occurred. Emotions restrain and influence rationality and thereby leading to distorted history and false facts. An example of emotion is probable forces involving the trial David Irving Vs.Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin publishers. David was accused of being a racist and anti-Semitic by claiming that Holocaust never happened. During a trial, he came up with the evidence to prop his claim that Holocaust never happened. In his evidence, he claimed that there was no official plan or policy to put the Jewish race into termination though there was a proof of the Wansee conference where the Nazis met to plan against the Jews.In the trial, the cou rt was also notified that he used to sing a racist song to his daughters2and based on this fact therefore, one can deduct that he had confirmation biasness owing from his emotions (hatred), towards Jewish race. This biasness therefore, masked the facts of the Holocaust causing the defendant to see things from one dimension which impacted on his judgment and reasoning. Irving was even consistence in his bias by claiming that the gas chambers were not met to exterminate humans but was for delousing. This claim was then discredited by doctors and remained as a conflictive issue.From this point therefore, emotions are not trustworthy in the process of acquisition of knowledge in history. Whilst emotions may negatively impact the history leading to distortion, some emotions can have a positive impact on history as a discourse. These emotions of liking and enthusiasm towards an event, thing, place or group may make one develop the sense of searching for more knowledge concerning the subje ct and therefore this leads to one quest for unearthing the deep hidden facts on the subject and hence producing facts require in History.Example here is: it is the deep sense of belonging and deep feeling of enthusiasm that led to the Egyptians Hussein Bassir, Ahmad Faschri, Sami Gabra, Zakaria Goneim, Labib Habachi among others venture into Egyptology (Study of ancient Egypt). 3 That affection gives these individuals challenges for unearthing more artifacts for ancient history that helps articulate the pieces of Ancient Egypt history and hence an example of positive contribution of emotion to history. 4 In natural science, emotions also may impact the acquisition for knowledge to a great extent.In pharmacology for example, a negative attitude of a researcher in determining the medicinal value, toxicity and the dosage of a certain physiologically active compound (P. A. C. ) from a given herbal might lead to biased research. This has the potential to lead to wrong administrations of bioassays and test of the very same dosage that may lead to negative result even if the P. A. C. is present in large quantities, the result are then pre-set to read negative due to the attitude of the researcher that is likely to affect his dexterity, carefulness and also  perception.This finally leads to a wrong conclusion that in the real sense lacks scientific approval or disapproval as the biasness brought about by emotions led to successive blunders in the following of scientific syntaxes and therefore wrong conclusion and results at the long run. A perfect example to this is a certain Biology class in High Ridge High school where, students were asked to observe different cells in blood samples under a light microscope.The students first perceived that one could not visualize blood cells since it was their first time to do so and more so did it against their wish of using the new microscopes as opposed to the old ones they were obliged to use. Due to the inbuilt feeling that the old microscopes were not as efficient as the new ones therefore, the students smeared their specimen on a slide and then mounted it on a microscope without staining the specimen and hence could not visualize blood cells.In their report to the respective tutor, the students wrote that there was absence of blood cells and the test was negative. The truth of the matter was the negative emotion of being denied the chance to use new microscope outflanked the result orientation in the minds of the students to the extent that they forgot the most crucial step that could lead to success of their scientific activity.Emotions, i. e.  attitude, love, hatred, happiness, moods, affection and all others are not worth trust in the process of knowledge acquisition be it in History as a field of discourse, philosophy, natural sciences and even language since the perception of emotions occurs in brain and the knowledge acquisition still occurs in brain and therefore, negative conception of a c ertain idea might lead to biasness that might distort the much required fact either in history research or in natural science.Emotions mask one’s rationality to reason as per the expectations and therefore in that sense impair ones judgment. In the two cases that we have examined, Irving failed to acknowledge the eventuality of Genocide in Germany by the Nazi regime and went further to claim that the murderous gas chambers used were for delousing and not killing humans. Secondly, due to the preset emotions of the students, they fail to stain their specimens and this leads them to wrong results and subsequently conclusions owing to their negative attitude towards using old microscopes as opposed to new ones.The error that occurs is not as attribute of the microscopes but students’ ignorance and negative attitude. It is worth a note also that emotions are not always detrimental to acquisition of knowledge but at times beneficial to the process of knowledge acquisition if at all they are positive as per the case of patriotic Egyptians in their career as Egyptologist.

Shakespeare Sonnet Analysis

Nowak Enriched Language Arts 11 – Period 7 13 December 2011 Time: A Giver and Ravager Shakespeare uses tranquility, somberness, and hopefulness as elements of the mood in Sonnet 60. He begins the sonnet as a metaphor, â€Å"Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,† comparing time to a tide. Waves could represent peacefulness and one at ease because a tide is smooth and continuous. Later on the tone becomes more dark and depressive, â€Å"And time that gave doth now his gift confound. / Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth / And delves the parallels in beauty's brow† (9-10). Shakespeare expresses the fact that time gives the gift of life, but also takes it away with death while destroying nature’s perfection, â€Å"Feeds on the rarities of nature’s truth† (11). In the couplet, hope is seen because he says â€Å"And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand, / Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand. † He anticipates that his words will not be destroyed by time and will continue to praise his beloved. The sonnet begins with tranquility, but then changes to somberness, yet Shakespeare still ends with words of hope. Shakespeare is telling the audience a lesson of time. Minutes are continuously coming, â€Å"So do our minutes hasten to their end† (2). He seems to be wrapped around the theme of time passing by and also trying to battle time, â€Å"Crooked elipses ‘gainst his glory fight† (7). Time can give yet also take, it is inevitable. It is the reason for birth, mortality, and change, but only words can withstand time. Imagery is a key peace to this insightful sonnet. The first line is an illustration to show time as the ocean â€Å"Like as waves make towards the pebbled shore. Using the sun to represent a human’s life, â€Å"Nativity, once in the main of light, / Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown’d, / Crooked eclipses ‘gainst his glory fight. † Nativity is the birth, then one maturing into adulthood, and finally trying to fight or cheat death. He personifies time as it is passing in the couplet’s last words, â€Å"despite his cru el hand† (14). Time is the owner of the hand and the â€Å"cruel hand† is the elements of time. Mental images of Sonnet 60 are time passing, the cycle of life, and the personification of time. Shakespeare’s hope that his â€Å"verse shall stand,† (13) is now a fact. His message is being studied and analyzed in this assignment. This proves that even though his life has ended, his words of wisdom have defied time. Time does pass while giving and annexing life. It is ceaseless and unchanging. Everyone experiences time every day and because it is inescapable, Shakespeare expresses and characterizes time but its timelessness is why it is relevant to today. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet 60. † Shakespeare's Sonnets. Oxquarry Books Ltd. Web. 8 Dec. 2011. ;www. shakespeare-sonnets. com;

buy custom File Marshal essay

buy custom File Marshal essay This digital forensic tool is used to automatically detect, extract, and analyze data related to peer-to-peer hard disk applications/ soft ware on machines of clients. This tool is very important because it automates the time consuming and tedious process of finding evidence of peer-to peer usage. File Marshal does its work in a forensically valid manner, presenting them in a form that is easy to read on screen and in a format which is easily integrated in a report. Its extensible, modular designs make it even possible to include extensions of new kinds of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks of clients (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). This is considered the most important technology because the use of its ability to rapidly determine the P2P clients present on a disk image and gives those clients per-user information, including peer servers, downloaded files and shared files. File Marshal is made up of two components, that is, the graphical user interface known as front-end and secondly the command line based back-end. The front-end serves by mediating connections with the investigator and ensures that the data is formatted. On the other hand, the back-end is used to search the file system for files and directions other than additionally interpreting registry files contents. P2P Marshal Operations Phases According to Adelstein (2009), the File Marshal has three operational phases which are discharged by mounting it on a disk image. Through invoking the File Marshal, an investigator generates an inquiry, and commences the analysis using the following phases: discovery, acquisition and analysis. At the end of the process, the final task is normally a report. The Discovery Phase In this phase, the P2P Marshal observes the target disk and image and establishes the current or previously installed p2p clients. This check is accomplished by p2p Marshal looking for the availability of directories, files, and registry values and keys. Consequently the configuration file identifies the artifacts that show whether a given client was installed. Occasionally, the programs could have been deleted but the data directory stays (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). Additionally, even if the user uninstalls the P2P client, the user preferences registry keys may remain or continue to reside in the generated registrys backup versions when the operating system makes a check point for system restore. Files in this phase are identified by a pathname. Similarly, they can be indentified by a hush (presently MD5, although it can support others). The registry entries can entail values, (sub) keys and their data. Acquisition Phase Through this phase, File Marshal collects information usage information for particular P2P clients, in other words, the information gathered is user -specific. File Marshal collects log and configuration information for each user including downloaded or shared files, bootstrap or peer servers contacted and other data that is forensically relevant, maintained by particular P2P client. Once more, specific files are distinct in the configuration file. When special code is needed for displaying a file, for example, for decoding a date format or hash list, the configuration file displays the Java classes to be utilized for parsing. There can be a creation of new parsers as required using a straightforward/simple API (Malvakian, 2009). Analysis Phase The analysis face entails File Marshal displaying the gathered information and then allowing an investigator to observe details like files contents and sort data by a variety of fields among them last date last made contact with, servers IP number among others. Downloaded files can be viewed by investigators through launching of suitable viewers, like using Photoshop incase of an image, Firefox in the case of HTML, Acrobat in the case of PDF and so on, and show details on log entries and configuration . They can also search for files depending on hashes or a group of hashes for instance from databases such as NISTs National Software Reference Library (NSRL) or the National Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (Carrier, 2007). Logging and Generation of Report All operations performed by File Marshal are logged by it. The log file gives very in-depth information of low-level concerning the actions that were performed hence upholding the investigations forensic integrity. The log file gives details concerning the invoking of the back-end tool and any error or return codes. Farid (2008) is however categorical that the audit log is not easily readable by individuals but rather to enable investigators validate exactly what actions were performed and what was not done in the investigation and would be suitable to be added as an appendix in the final report. File Marshal produces a synopsis report of the findings of the report in a format that can be incorporated in the report of the investigator. The file formats that can be supported initially include PDF and HTML for easy inserting of File Marshal reports into a bigger forensic report. As a way of sustaining the forensic integrity, the out from the back-end tool are automatically hashed by File Marshal other having an additional ability of computing the hash of any obtained file. Given that the investigator uses static file system, the tool usedto initially image the disk might have already computed these files hashes (John, 2009). This further strengthens the investigations forensic integrity as the File Marshals computed hashes substantiates the data it gets with imaging tools data. File Marshal enables investigators to search for a range of usage-specific entries. They include file names, peer servers DNS names, and IP addresses and file hashes such as SHA-1, MDS and so on. For example if investigators wish for tracing all contacts with a specific server, the search tool could retrieve all contacts despite of the clients or P2P clients used. During the discovery phase, File Marshal searches for artifacts demonstrating that P2p program has been used or installed. One of the examined artifacts is the registry (Hirst, 2007). Although due to the fact that File marshal conducts static registry files, offline analysis, there is dismal support for recovering values and keys from a file (contrary to the running systems registry). The variations between majorities of P2P client program are usually limited to the file paths they make use of and the informations format in cache, log and configuration files. File marshal employs a configuration file to identify the specific details of P2p client. Addition of support for new client calls for creation of a new configuration file to illustrate the new client, and probably adding a plug-in or module to the user interface to show any information that is exceptional to the new client. This enables File Marshal to be straightforwardly extensible to sustain new P2P clients that are unconstrained (Adelstein, 2009). The configuration file is normally in the form of XML and is made up if three sections, that is, client data, installation artifacts and lastly usage artifacts. The first section, the client data, is made up of details concerning the p2p client, entailing its version and name, and the name of the module which is charged with displaying information concerning this client. The second section identifies installation artifacts like registry keys, files and directories, which show whether the client is on or has been set up on the system. These directories and files are precise by path. Additionally, files can contain an MD5 has characteristic to match the files content other than its name, and a version characteristic to demonstrate that the file is a binary for a particular version of the client. This surpasses the version information in the section of client data. When all entries in the installation artifacts match, it is described by the File Marshal as full installation (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). Correspondingly, when only some entries match, it is expressed as partial installation. On the other hand, if none matches, there will e no information displayed by the File Marshal on the client. Nevertheless, the report entails a list of all clients that were searched by File Marshal. Thirdly the section identifies usage artifacts that entail four different kinds of files that is, log, config, cache, and shared (Steight, 2010). Log files have information concerning the manner in which the program was run, for instance the used search terms. On the other hand, configuration files describe how the client is installed, and may also indicate the location of log files. Cache files keep temporary results like the kinds of peer servers that have been used or the files already obtained. Lastly, shared folders store downloaded and shared files. File Marshal differentiates downloaded and shared files, if the P2P does. Features of P2P Marshal The tool has many important features that make it the best choice for forensic investigations. First of all as already talked about, P2P executes all tasks in a forensically sound way, making it no doubt the best invention ever. The second characteristic f this tool is its ability to give full analysis for LimeWire, BitTorrent, among others. Chao (2010) adds that it also decreases customizable reports in PDF, CSV, HTML, and RTF other than identifying and showing download locations. Lastly, P2P Marshal gives search capabilities that are extensive. Important Purposes the new Tool Serves The celebrated tool, File Marshal has even more advantages that makes it the most important invention ever to be made for the period of the last five years because what is more to it is that it has been made available on USB since 2009 (developed by ATC-NY). It is one of kind file detection software based on USB and documentation of evidence by an investigator can commence immediately on network devices and computer hard drives (Adelste, 2009). Contrary as to what was the case before, with this new tool, there is no need of carrying a laptop to the crime scene or physically disconnecting the machine or computer from their network. This has enhanced speed of carrying out forensic investigations to make them even faster. Due to this fact, the tool is very portable with a high ability to fully analyze LimeWire, Azereus and uTorrent, analyze the usage of peer -to- peer network and lastly detect and indicate default download positions for Kazaa, Google Hello and Ares. P2P Marshal latest technology is meant to achieve many positive results in as far as forensic investigation is concerned. As already described above, this new tool is a subject to best practices of forensics and sustains a comprehensive log file of all tasks it performs. To make it evven more appealing, its design makes it fully extensible to sustain new P2P networks and clients. In the wake of increased cyber crimes, the tool is just what the field needs to help restore security in digital devices. The tool has wide-ranging search abilities and generates reports in formats such as HTML, RTF, CSV and PDF and runs on operating systems that are Windows-based. This comes with a greater meaning for crime scene investigators because it generates more room in the field kit to accommodate other important tools for investigation. Due to the changing nature of cybercrimes, there is also a need for investigators to change tactics and come along with more tools for investigation that are not necessarily as obvious to the human eye such as the traditional laptop (Adelstein Joyce, 2007). The ability to plug into any free USB port both on computers while at the crime scene and those ones back at the lab makes it will free all the time hence increasing its user friendliness and convenience. P2P Marshal has made the forensic investigations that could take ages to take a shorter time than expected. Forensic Edition is the softwares lone version, it is set up and run on workstation of the investigator to analyze an accumulate disk image. Postings on ATC-NYs website/ press release, indicates P2P Marshal are presently being used by law enforcers to investigate cyber crimes from many corners of the world. International, federal, state and local investigators prefer this tool over many others to dispense their duties. Devoid of automated tools, the work of forensic investigators to obtain evidence of unlawful file sharing and circulation is time consuming and manually intensive. Hence they found a solution in P2P Marshal that offers a solution to problem. It has to a great extent helped them to reduce time needed for the analysis practice (Liu et al, 2010). How much time is saved? The question that remains to be answered is the amount of time that USD based File Marshal saves. Computer hard drives gathered by law enforcers in a variety of searches in homes of suspects present a virtual fortune trove of evidence for qualified forensic investigators. I most cases, it takes many hours or even days to manually search every single hard drive for p2p file sharings evidence especially when the investigators backlog keeps on to increasing (John, 2009). Conversely employing P2P Marshal Tool will use only minutes to disclose the information of the same magnitude (Malvakian, 2009). A lot of time that will be saved by using P2P Marshal for data farming can be unswervingly translated into other aspects of the investigation. For instance, it will facilitate the leads that would have been latent for many days to be immediately obtained. Additionally, investigators have an added advantage as the rapid process of analysis gives offenders little for cover-up while enabling for quick action by the relevant authorities. The tool is accessible for any law enforcing agency because of its ability for civil application. However all users have to submit their contact information for the purposes of registration. Law enforcers can now easily locate cyber crime offenders who engage in not only tailing copyright materials like music and sharing of other p2p files but also most outstandingly child pornography sharing. This tool not only saves time but also goes to a large extent of helping the investigators to attest relations between individuals and assist departments increase investigations (Steight, 2010). Conclusion Digital Forensics has been widely applied by law enforcers to obtain digital evidence from cyber crimes. Today, the expansion of Information Communication Technology on a global scale has facilitated an increased number of individuals accessing the internet and other digital materials such as mobile phones, digital cameras, computers among others. Consequently, the cases of cyber crimes have increased tremendously over the last decade. Digital Forensic, defined as the practice of putting to use technical methods and techniques/tools that have been scientifically derived and proven, to collect, validate, identify, analyze, interpret, document and present after the fact digital data obtained from digital sources with a view of furthering or facilitating the rebuilding of events as a forensic evidence, has been there to offer solution to this problem. However, the nature and number of cybercrimes committed in the recent past called for development of tools to analyze them in a way that was more efficient and rapid enough to prevent the offenders form clearing the evidence and covering up. This coupled with many reasons known to the forensic crime investigators saw the development of File Marshal (Hirst, 2009). This tool is very suitable for obtaining forensic evidence through evaluating p2p handling on file structure. It does this by automatically identifying the kinds of p2p client programs, or those that were available. It then takes out log information and configuration and presents the investigator with the shared files. The availability of P2P Marshal on USB has made this tool enormously portable replacing the necessity of having a laptop or a computer at the scene of the crime. It allows criminal investigation to commence evidence recording on network devices and computer hard disks right away. This tool has many advantages to the investigator and is viewed by many s the most important technology in Digital Forensics to be ever invented. Buy custom File Marshal essay

SINCLAIR Surname Meaning and Origin

SINCLAIR Surname Meaning and Origin Taken from the hermit St. Clare or St. Clere, Sinclair is a derivation of the St. Claire surname, from the Latin clarus, meaning pure, renowned, illustrious. It was often bestowed as a habitational surname for someone from one of several places named for the dedication of their churches to St. Clarus, such as  Saint-Clair-sur-Elle in Manche, Normandy, France. SINCLAIR is the 79th most popular surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish, English Alternate Surname Spellings:  SINCLAIRE, SINCLAR, ST CLAIR, SINKLER, SENCLAR, SENCLER   Famous People with the Surname SINCLAIR Upton Sinclair - American novelist and social crusaderClive Sinclair - British entrepreneur and inventorMalcolm Sinclair - Swedish nobleman whose  assassination eventually sparked the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743 Genealogy Resources for the Surname SINCLAIR Common Scottish Surnames Their MeaningsUncover the meaning of your Scottish last name with this free guide to Scottish surnames meanings and origins. Clan SinclairLearn about the history of Clan Sinclair on this website of the Clan Chief and explore links to websites of the Clan Associations. Sinclair Family Genealogy ForumSearch or browse past posts in this genealogy forum dedicated to researchers of the Sinclair surname. Sinclair Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Sinclair family crest or coat of arms for the Sinclair surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - SINCLAIR GenealogyExplore over 830,000 historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Sinclair surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SINCLAIR Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Sinclair surname. DistantCousin.com - SINCLAIR Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Sinclair. The Sinclair Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Sinclair from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Network Intrusion Detection and Forensics Dissertation

Network Intrusion Detection and Forensics - Dissertation Example The paper tells that computers have come to assume in all aspects of our lives, and the lack of reliable networks in modern computing environments in plainly inconceivable. The supremacy of information technology in running many modern systems hinges on the continued reliability of computer networks. Without stable computer network systems, many simple computing activities we have come to assume as part of our daily routines: sending emails, browsing the web, making business communications, and maintaining social contacts would be in severe jeopardy. Malicious use of computer networks would completely compromise our computing experience and the utilization of these indispensable network tools. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) are partly the reason behind the continued security in computer systems around the world. The NIDS systems detect illicit use of computer networks, alert network administrators, create reports in the system through their logging abilities, and try to p revent harm to the network by malevolent network users. However, many users of computer networks lack access to decent NIDS systems available commercially. Part of the reason why many computer users stave off the commercially available NIDS systems is the prohibitively costs. Another reason for the unattractiveness of several commercial network-based IDS is traceable to their complex deployment, configuration, and implementation procedures, which normally require technical assistance. Over the past decade, open source NIDS systems have come to define the NIDS landscape. Currently, the leading NIDS system in terms of user base been Snort, a lightweight open source NIDS. The purpose of this project is to make comprehensive comparison of two open source NIDS, Snort and Bro. Keywords: Snort, Bro, NIDS, Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 1.INTRODUCTION 4 2.BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM 5 3.OVERVIEW OF NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS 5 3.1 The Roles of NIDS 5 3.2 Difference of NIDS with Firewalls 7 3.3 Limitations of the Network Intrusion Detection Systems 7 3.4 Network Intrusion and Detection System Alert Terminologies 8 4.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS 9 5.DIFFERENT METHODS OF INTRUSION DETECTION 10 5.1 Statistical Anomaly-Based Intrusion System 10 5.2 Signature-Based Intrusion Detection 10 6.NETWORK INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS 11 6.1 Snort 11 6.2 Bro 11 6.3 PHAD 11 6.4 NetSTAT 12 6.5 EMERALD 12 6.6 Suricata 13 7.TESTING AND EVALUATION METHODOLOGY 13 8.ANALYSIS OF SNORT AND BRO 14 8.3 Common Characteristics of Snort, Bro, Suricata, and NetSTAT 16 8.4 Differences between Snort, Bro, Suricata, and NetSTAT 17 8.5 Major Strengths of Snort 19 8.6 Major strengths of Bro 21 8.7 Major strengths of Suricata 21 8.8 Major strengths of NetSTAT 22 8.9 Major Weaknesses of Snort 22 8.10 Major Weaknesses of Bro 22 8.11 Major weaknesses of Suricata 23 8.12 Major weaknesses of NetSTAT 23 9. RESULTS FOR SNORT AND BRO 23 9.1 Capabilities of Snort and Bro to Identify Security Threats and Network Violations 23 9.1.1 Bro Architecture 23 9.1.2 Bro Network Intrusion Detection Mechanism 25 9.1.3 Snort Architecture 26 9.1.4 Snort Network Intrusion Detection Mechanism 26 9.1.5 Suricata’s Network Intrusion Mechanism 27 9.1.6 NetSTAT Capabilities to detect security threats and network violations 28 9.2 Comparison of Snort’s, Bro’s, Suricata’s and NetSTAT’s Performance 28 10. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 29 10.1 Recommendations 29 10.2 Conclusions 30 References 33 1. INTRODUCTION The essentiality of network protection is unquestionable, especially with the ever-growing relevance of computer networks in many facets of our society. Many things, ranging from trade, governance, education, communication, and research rely heavily on computer networks. The vulnerability of networks to breakdowns after attack can be expensive and disastrous.